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Eye & Endocrine (Major Structures and Functions of the Eye (The eye-…
Eye & Endocrine
Major Structures and Functions of the Eye
The eye- detects and responds to electromagnetic radiation (visible light)
aqueous humor- water fluid behind cornea
pupil- opening that lets light in
Lens- focuses light rays onto fovea
cornea- transparent covering, refracts light
Iris- circular muscle,controls the diameter and size of the pupil, & determines eye color
Ciliary Body-controls shape of lens
Retina- layer of sensory receptor cells, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition
Choroid- dark pigment layer (under sclera)
conjunctiva- mucus membrane
sclera- fibrous white part, outer layer of eye
vitreous humor- jelly like fluid maintains eye shape inside eye
Fovea-small depression w/ high concentration of cones (sharp focus)
optic disc- region w/ no receptors connect to optic nerve
optic nerve-transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye.
Rods- functions under dim light
Cones- detects different wavelengths of EM radiation (color), operate in bright light
photoreceptors- converts light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain
The eye is our organ of sight
Major Glands/ Organs and their Functions
Exocrine- secretes produce into duct
Endocrine- secretes products into body fluids to affect target cells, regulates a number of metabolic processes within cells and whole body.
Pituitary gland- takes messages from the brain and uses those messages to produce hormones that affect many parts of the body.
Thyroid gland- produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance.
Hypothalamus- responsible for creating or controlling many hormones in the body.
Parathyroid glands- produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH raises the blood calcium level by: breaking down the bone (where most of the body's calcium is stored) and causing calcium release
Adrenal glands- produce hormones you cannot live without, this includes sex hormones and cortisol.Cortisol helps you respond to stress.
Pineal gland- produces melatonin a serotonin-derived hormone which helps you sleep (sleep-wake cycle)
pancreas- blood sugar regulation and digestion
reproductive glands- produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In females, it is known as the egg cells and males (sperm cells)
thymus gland- Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.
Names of the hormones/ Their target organs & Their functions
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone (GH)- targets growth, repair and reproduction. It affects throughout body by stimulating growth, repair, reproduction.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)- Targets the thyroid gland. It is a tropic hormone responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)- targets adrenal cortex (adrenal gland),and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones.
Prolactin (PRL)- targets mammary glands. It has many effects on the body, and stimulates breast for milk reproduction.
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)- targets follicle cells,and stimulates follicle cells of gonads to produce gametes, (ova in female and sperm in male)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- targets estrogens and testosterones, and stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones.
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone ( Vasopressin) (ADH)- targets kidneys,and sweat glands. It prevents the water loss in the body,by increasing water in kidneys and blood flow to sweat glands.
Oxytocin- targets uterus & breast; triggers uterine contractions for childbirth and breast for milk reproduction.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine) (TH)-targets cellular activity; regulates the body's metabolic rate
Calcitonin- targets blood; reduces concentrations of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into matrix of bones
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)- targets kidneys and parathyroid glands; in calcium ions homeostasis. Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown calcium containing bone matrix
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)- targets immune system; reduces inflammation and immune responses, breaks down proteins and lipids that produce glucose.
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)- targets hormones; a group of hormones that help regulate concentration of mineral ions in the body
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine- targets blood, & brain muscles; helps increase flow of blood to brain and muscles to improve "fight or flight" response to stress.
Pancreas (Islets)
Insulin- targets blood; raises blood glucose levels
Glucagon- targets muscle/ liver cells; triggers these to break down the polysaccharide glucogen to release glucose in bloodstream.
Testes
Testosterone- targets sex organs; causes growth and increases in strength of bones and muscles. Controls growth and development during puberty.
Ovaries
Estrogen- targets development and growth; development of female secondary sex characteristics (uterine, breast), and increases growth of bones during adolescence.
Progesterone- targets development; most active during ovulation and pregnancy, where it maintains appropriate conditions for developing fetus.
Pineal Gland
Melatonin- targets the brain; helps regulate human sleep-wake cycle.
Thymus
Thymosin- targets adipose tissue; produces hormones called thymosins that help to train and develop T- lymphocytes during fetus development and childbirth.
Diseases associated w/ the eye
colorblindness- x-linked condition, more in male than female, inability to perceive colors due to defective cores, & is sex linked (genetic)
Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection
Cataracts- clouding of the lens, causes world to disappear- disorted, as if seen through frosted glass
Glaucoma- damage to the optic nerve causes progessive loss in peripheral vision & can eventually lead to blindness
Astigmatism- unequal curvatives in different parts of the cornea of lens leads to blurry
Hyperopia (farsightedness)- occurs when light rays from distant objects are focused, behind the retina
Myopia (nearsightedness)- distant objects focused in front of the retina, can see objects close well but distant objects appear blurry.
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Hyperthyroidism
A: Insulin- produced by beta cells
B: Glucogon- released by alpha cells ; ex: high blood sugar and hyperglucemic
genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid; too much thyroxine using, high metabolic rate and rapid heartbeat. Cause weight gain and nervousness.
under- active thyroid; symptoms: fatigue , weakness, weight gain or difficulty to lose weight.
Grave's disease- autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Goiter- swelling of the thyroid, thyroid needs iodine to produce T3& T4; lack can lead to this.
Diabetes
Type 1: beta cells don't make insulin leading to blood sugar too high, (normal 80-120). Cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar, and can damage nerves
Type 2- insulin resistant/adult onset. Body produces insulin but cells do not respond to it.
Cretinism- dwarfism in which adult body is child -like
Cushing's Disease- too much cortisol in your body for long time. Causes tumor on piuitary glands, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, or adrenal cortex.
Major Functions of the Endocrine System-
works w/ nervous system to maintain homeostasis
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells, tissues or organs.
hormones diffuse into bloodstream acting on specific target cells.
regulates metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things
to communicate w/ cells using chemicals called hormones