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Eye and Endocrine System :star: Ezequiel Herrera Period 4-Yang …

- - - - elevates eye and turns it laterally
    - - moves eye laterally
    - - elevates eye and turns it medially
    - - moves eye medially
    - - depresses eye and turns it laterally
    - - depresses eye and turns it medially
  - - - Help shade eyes from sunlight and prevent sweat from trickling down the forehead from reaching the eyes
    - - eyelid muscles are activated reflexively to cause blinking every 3–7 seconds and to protect the eye from foreign object
      - keep the eyes moist
    - - produces a lubricating mucus that prevents the eyes from drying out
    - - produces tears and channels them to the surface of the eye where they maintain moisture
  - - - Choroid
        
        It nourishes all eye layers and helps preventing light from scattering within the eye
      - Ciliary Body
        
        Ciliary muscles
        
        control lens shape
        
        Ciliary processes
        
        secrete the fluid that fills the cavity of the anterior segment
        
        Ciliary zonule
        
        transmits tension from the ciliary muscle to the lens
      - Iris
        
        Controls the amount of light reaching the retina
        
        Pupil
        
        allows light to enter the eye
    - - Sclera
        
        protects and shapes the eyeball and provides a sturdy anchoring site for the extrinsic eye muscles
      - Cornea
        
        lets light enter the eye, and is a major part of the light-bending apparatus of the eye
    - - receives light, converts the
        light into neural signals, and send them to the
        brain for visual recognition
        
        Cones
        
        vision receptors for bright light and provide high-resolution color vision
        
        Rods
        
        dim-light and peripheral vision receptors
        
        do not provide sharp images or color vision
    - - focuses the light rays that pass through it
    - - Transmits light
      - Supports the posterior surface of the lens and
        holds the neural layer of the retina firmly against the pigmented layer
      - Contributes to intraocular pressure, helping to
        counteract the pulling force of the extrinsic eye muscles
      - aqueous humor
        
        supplies nutrients and
        oxygen to the lens and cornea
    - - Transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers
- - - - High pressue within the eye results in blindness unless the condition is detected and treated early
    - - clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted, as if seen through frosted glass
    - - Hyperopia
      - Myopia
        
        nearsightedness, occurs when distant objects focus in front of the retina, rather than on it
        
        Retina too long
      - astigmatism
        
        Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens also lead to blurry images
        
        Special cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures needed
- - - - Initiates responses slowly; long duration
      - diffuse locations
      - hormones release into blood, act over long distances
- - - - sweat and saliva
      - ducts carry these substances to a membrane surface
  - - - release their hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid
      - Hormones
        
        long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body
      - Autocrines
        
        short-distance chemical signals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them
      - Paracrines
        
        short-distance chemical signals but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals
    - - Plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body
        
        Regulates body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream
    - - They keep bones strong, the nervous system running and the muscles pumping
    - - The pituitary gland takes messages from the brain and uses these messages to produce hormones that affect many parts of the body, including stimulating all the other hormone-producing glands
    - - Produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
    - - gonads
        
        Female ovaries
        
        main role is the production of steroid hormones , produce gametes for reproduction, and secrete sex hormones
        
        testes
      - produces and secretes the hormone melatonin, which is a hormone that helps regulate biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles
    - - hypothalamus
        
        produces and releases hormones
    - - Produces important hormones during pregnancy. which work together to control the growth and development of placenta & fetus, and act on the mother to support the pregnancy and prepare for childbirth
- - - - a syndrome marked by intense thirst and huge urine output
        
        caused by a pituitary tumor or by a blow to the head that damages the hypothalamus or the posterior pituitary
        
        can be life threatening in unconscious or comatose patients
      - ADH deficiency
    - - insulin deficiency causes large amounts of blood glucose to be lost in the urine
        
        pancreas can't produce enough insulin
        
        too much sugar (glucose) is floating around in blood
        
        Can cause damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves
        
        MORE DETAIL :warning:
        
        Diabetes mellitus (DM)
        
        2 more items...
  - - - abnormality of anterior pituitary tumors
        
        inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females, and impotence in males
    - - Hypersecretion in children
        
        results in gigantism because GH targets the still-active epiphyseal plates
        
        person becomes abnormally tall, but has relatively normal body proportions
      - Acromegaly
        
        Caused if excessive GH is secreted after the epiphyseal plates have closed
        
        overgrowth of bones of the hands, feet, and face
      - pituitary dwarfism
        
        pituitary dwarfism
        
        GH deficiency in children
        
        fairly normal body proportions
        
        Very short (4 ft)
    - - myxedema
        
        hypothyroid syndrome
        
        low metabolic rate; feeling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness.
        
        A goiter occurs if myxedema results from lack of iodine
      - Congenital hypothyroidism
        
        caused by poor development of the thyroid gland
        
        Both are hypothyroid syndromes
      - Graves’ disease
        
        hyperthyroid pathology
        
        a person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells
        
        these antibodies paradoxically mimic TSH and continuously stimulate TH release
        
        elevated metabolic rate; sweating; rapid, irregular heartbeat; nervousness; and weight loss despite adequate food
        
        Eyeballs may protrude
      - Parathyroid Gland
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
        
        caused by a parathyroid gland tumor
        
        Calcium leaches from the bones, which soften and deform as fibrous connective tissue replaces their mineral salts
        
        results in hypercalcemia
        
        it depresses the nervous system, which leads to abnormal reflexes and weak skeletal muscles, and excess calcium salts form kidney stones
        
        Hypoparathyroidism
        
        hypocalcemia
        
        leads to tingling sensations, twitching, and convulsions
        
        progresses to respiratory paralysis and death
    - - Hypersecretion=aldosteronism
        
        Leads to hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ and water retention, and accelerated excretion of potassium ions
        
        Can lead to muscle weakness and eventually paralysis
    - - excess
        
        Cushing’s syndrome
        
        caused by an ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor
        
        persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention
        
        swollen “moon” face, redistribution of fat to the abdomen and the posterior neck , easy bruising, and poor wound healing
    - - hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex
        
        Affected individuals tend to lose weight; plasma glucose and sodium levels drop, and potassium levels rise
        
        dehydration and hypotension
        
        bronzing of the skin
    - - In boys, the reproductive organs mature and secondary sex characteristics appear early
      - Females develop a beard and a masculine distribution of body hair, and the clitoris grows to resemble a small penis
- - - - Uterus & Breast
        
        Uterus: Initiates labor & strimulates uterine contractions
        Breast: Initiates milk production
    - - Kidneys
        
        Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into blood
  - - - Cells in Body
        
        -Metabolism, growth, and development
        -Blood Pressure
        -Regulates tissue growth and dev.
    - - Skeleton
        Bone and Kidney
        
        regulates calcium and phosphate
  - - - Skleton,kidney,intestine
        
        Regulates Calcium levels
  - - - Cortisol
        (glucocorticoids)
        
        Kidneys
        
        Controls blood sugar and reg. metablosim
        Promotes gluconeogenesis
        Helps maintain blood pressure
      - Aldosterone
        mineralocorticoids
        
        Kidneys
        
        Increases blood levels of NA+ and decreases K+
      - Adrenal Medulla
        
        Epinephrone
        
        Sympathetic NS
        
        Increases heart rate and metabolism
        increases blood pressure
        
        Pancreas
        
        Insulin
        
        Pancreas
        
        Lowers glucose levels
        
        Glucagon
        
        Liver
        
        Increases glucose levels
        
        Testes
        
        Testosterone
        
        Sex organs
        
        normal sperm production
        keeps reproductive organs functional
        
        Ovaries
        
        Estrogen
        
        Ovaries, uterus,vagina
        
        1 more item...
        
        Progesterone
        
        Ovaries uterus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pineal Gland
        
        Melantonin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Thymus
        
        1 more item...
- - - - stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen
    - - Stimulates sperm production
- - - - promotes testosterone production
    - - Triggers ovulation, stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone