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EARLY MODERN 1500 - 1700 HISTORY PART 2 (The Reformation (Henry VIII (was…
EARLY MODERN 1500 - 1700 HISTORY PART 2
Protestant vs Catholic
protestant - believe that the words of God should be accessible to all. Believe that the Pope is a phony
catholic - only published the Bible in Latin so could be dishonest. Believe that the Pope is a holy figure
The Reformation
Henry VIII
was originally catholic but changed the country's religion to protestant so he could legally divorce. He was now Head of the Church. He executed both protestants and Catholics to keep everyone happy
Edward VI
made England much more protestant but only 2 Catholics were executed for heresy during his reign
Mary I
strict Catholic. Made England Catholic and the Pope head of the church. 283 people executed as they still wanted to be protestant
Elizabeth I
tried to find a 'middle way' in religion
James I
protestant but 'tolerated' Catholics. Yet, after the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 he hated them and introduced strict anti-catholic laws.
New Crimes
Vagabondage
During Tudor era, poverty grew. Dangerous beggars - or vagabonds - were feared. Edward VI passed a law which meant beggars were branded with a forehead V and sold as a slave
Poaching
Due to Forest Laws, poo couldn't hunt or collect firewood legally so instead trespassed and poached. Social crime
Smuggling
government introduced taxes on imported goods so many smuggled which was another social crime.
Witch Hunts + Why?
Civil War 1642
after this, there was a climate of fear and nationwide divide. People were more attracted to superstitious ideas. During war persecution of witches peaked.
Matthew Hopkins
He was a JP who hunted many witches in Essex and East Anglia. It is believed he hunted 300 in two years. He also encouraged others an there were financial rewards
Law on Witchcraft
in 1542, Henry VIII made laws more severe - witchcraft was punishable by death (hanging). Laws fluctuated henceforth
Religion
People became afraid of Catholicism which led to attempts to 'cleanse' society and seek out witches
James I - Demonologie
published by James I in 1597, the king, this book encouraged witch hunts and was very influential
Bloody Code
What?
The Bloody Code meant that by 1815, 225 crime were punishable by death
Why?
mainly used as a deterrent in conjunction with public executions until the 1860s. these executions made it seem that there was much more crime than there really was, and people grew scared so believed the Bloody Code was necessary
Transportation
during the time of the Bloody Code, Transportation was introduced as a more humane, lenient punishment than the death penalty (but still a deterrent).
Introduced in 1717 to America which changed to Australia in 1787. It was used for over 100 years.
criminals were taken far from the people and places that had driven them to crime in the first place
used to deal with the problem of vagrant children
England did not yet have an effective prison system
England wanted to establish permanent colonies in North America and convicts could populate and provide manpower for these.
7 or 14 years
criminals had the chance to reflect and change their way of life.
Crime Change 1700 - 1900
Smuggling
this continued throughout the 18th century as smuggler gangs emerged. Still a social crime
Witchcraft
was decriminalised in 1736 due to a new disbelief - largely due to a rise in science and a decline in superstition
Poaching
Authorities were forced to harshen laws - in 1723 the Black Act made poaching a capital offence. Social crime
Highway Robbery
this involves attacking travellers on the king's highway so they hand over valuable goods. Became more common in the 18th Century as there was more need to transport money cross-country. Last reported case was 1831
Tolpuddle Martyrs
Britain felt vulnerable to revolutions. In Feb of 1834, in the village of Tolpuddle, 6 men were arrested to halt their suspected political activities - they wanted to protest low wages
they were all sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia
mass protests were organised in support - one with 100,000 people
four years later, they were pardoned and returned
1517 - 1648