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A 21 year-old male abused steroids (Upsteam (Potential effects of abusing…
A 21 year-old male abused steroids
Upsteam
Testicular Shrinkage
Direct
Behavior
Not knowing when to stop using steroids
Lack of research
Not informing himself about side effect for abusing steroids
Truma
Indirect
Physical changes experiences during puberty
The form in which steroids are taken
For example: Injection
Using non-sterile needles can result in blood Bourne diseases
Low sex drive
Lack of knowledge
Not understanding the effects of abusing steroids
Potential effects of abusing anabolic steroids
Low sex drive
No exacuolation
Low Testosterone
High Estrogen
Reasons why people abuse steroids
To gain muscle development
Eventually start to see no more effect so they keep using more and more steroids
Peer pressure
Low self image
Want to look muscular like a body builder
Physiology
General function of the Endocrine System
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
Hormones regulate amount of substances dissolve in the blood plasma
Regulate blood volume and other characteristics
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Growth and development
Regulatory roles in cell division and cell differentiation
Hormones control both anabolic and catabolic processes
Mobilization of body defense
Reproduction
Hormones affect development and function of reproductive system and sexual behaviors
Controls digestive processes
Hormones influence secretory processes and movement of materials through GI tract
Hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to testes
Hormonal Cascade
Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypothalamic pituitary portal system
Tells anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and luteninzing hormone into the blood
The hormonal agonist infusion stimulates the axis and high LH, FSH, and sex steroids
Both frequency and amplitude have physiologic effects
This infusion pattern is useful for fertility
In males, LH stimulate the interstital cells of the testes to produce the make hormone testosterone
HPG: The hypothalamus talks to the pituitary and the pituitary talks to the gonads
Feedback loops and Up & Down regulation
Target cell activation depends on
Blood levels of hormone
Relative number of receptors on/in target cell
Affinity (strength) of binding between receptor and hormone
Control of secretions
Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones
Types of stimuli
Neural stimuli
Nervous system stimulation
Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
Hormonal stimuli
other hormone trigger
Hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop (HPA)
Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate target glands to secretes still more hormones
Humoral stimuli
Blood levels of ions and other compounds
Example: Ca2+ in blood
Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
PTH causes Ca2+ concentrations to rise, and stimulus is removed
Positive/Negative Feedback
Positive feedback system
Discontine feedback system when appropriate
Bring body back to balance
Negative feedback system
Blood levels of hormone
Increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release
Hormone release in triggered by:
Endocrine gland stimuli
Nervous system modulation
Levels vary only within narrow, desirable range
Controls many long term states
Reverse changes in controlled condition
Up & Down Regulation
Up-regulation
Target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
Down-regulation
Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
Desensitized the target cells to prevent them from overreacting to persistently high levels of hormones
Downstream
Continues to abused steroids
Eventually not going to respond to the things he is injecting himself
Then his body is going to stop making testosterone
Starts to create a different hormone
Starts to produce estrogen
Without testosterone it affects his fertility
Without testosterone it affects his sex drive
Starts turning into a girl
Start growing breast
Causes other health effects
Acne
Baldness
Change in voice
Liber disorder
High blood cholesterol leves
Lead to cardiovascular problems
Change in skeleton
Affects their ability to have muscle mass
Risk of gettin blood Bourne diseases
Stops abusing steroids
The patient is going to have to inject himself more testosterone hormones
He need more testosterone to get the same effect since his cells keep making few and fewer testosterone receptors
Didn't get addicted to steroids
doesn't spend large amounts of time and money getting or using steroids
If patient became additives he can fall back into the stage of "cycling"
Users who are cycling take multiple doses for several weeks, stop for several weeks, and then start taking the steroids again
Patient didn't recognized in time the receptors in his cells have change
Causing to produce more estrogen and less testosterone
Anatomy
Major Glands/Organs
Adrenal
Location
Superior to the kidneys
Region
Cortex (outer)
Hormones Produced
Cortisol (zona fasciculata)
Function
Stress responses, antiinflammatory
Androgens (zona reticularis)
Function
Sex hormonesy
Aldosterone (zone glomerulosa )
Function
Balance of minerals and water in blood
Medulla (inner)
Hormones Produced
Epinephrine
Function
Same as sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine (NE)
Function
Same as sympathetic nervous system
Related Disorders
Hypersecretion
Crushing disease
Hypertension
Hyposecretion
Addison's disease
Pancreas
Location
Lies in the curve of the duodenum
Hormones Produced
Glucagon
Function
Raises blood sugar
Insulin
Function
Sugar: transport, storage, usage
Related Disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Parathyroid
Location
Four parathyroids are imbedded in the thyroid gland
Hormones Produced
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Function
Withdraw C from blood to raise blood Ca+
Related Disorders
Hyposecretion
Tetany
Hypersecretion
Osteitis fibrosa, cystien
Gonads
Regions
Male
Testes
Hormones Produced
Testosterone
Function
1 more item...
Location
In the scrotum, inferior to the pelvic cavity
Female
Ovaries
Hormones Produced
Progesterone
Function
1 more item...
Estrogen
Function
1 more item...
Location
Very low in the pelvis
Related Disorders
Hyposecretion
Infertility
Thyroid
Location
In the thorax region just inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
Hormones Produced
T3/ T4
Function
Metabolism, development
Calcitonin
Function
Calcium deposition; bone
Related Disorders
Hyposecretion
Cretinism, myxedema
Hypersecretion
Grave's disease
Pineal
Location
In the posterior portion of the third ventricle of the brain
Hormones Produced
Melatonin
Function
Inhibit early sex development
Pituitary
Location
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, it hangs from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
Regions
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones Produced
Growth Hormone (GH)
Function
Growth, protein synthesis
Prolactin (PRL)
Function
Formation of milk
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Function
Ovulation, formation of corpus lute, secrete progesterone
Thyroid Stim Hormone (TSH)
Function
Stimulates thyroid
Follicle Stim Hormone (FSH)
Function
Genesis & estrogen production or spermatogenesis
Adrenal corticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Function
Stimulate adrenal cortex
Location
Front portion of pituitary, located in the hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid, below hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
Hormones Produced
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function
Conserve water; distal tulles of nephron
Oxytocin
Function
Parturition, milk secretion; uterus mammary glands
Location
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by hypothalamus
Related Disorders
Hyposecretion
Infertility
Dwarfism
Diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion
Giantism, Acromegaly
Thymus
Location
Lies in the thoracic cavity, just ventral to the heart
Hormones Produced
Thymopoietin
Function
Immunity
Related Disorders
Hyposecretion
Immunity failure
It atrophies with age
Hypothalamus
Hormones Produced
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Function
Stimulate ACTH production in pituitary
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Function
Stimulate gonadotropin (FSH, LH) production in pituitar
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Function
Stimulate TSH production in pituitary
Prolatin-releasing hormone (PRH)
Function
Stimulate prolactin production in pituitary
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Function
Inhibits GH production in pituitary
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (dopamine)
Function
Inhibits prolactin production in pituitary
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Function
Stimulate GH production in pituitary
Location
Inferior medial area of the brain
Other Glands/Organs
Kidneys
Location
Upper left & right posterior quadrants
Hormones Produced
Erythropoietin renin
Function
Signals bone marrow increase red blood cell production initiates renin angrotension
Skin
Location
Exterior of body
Hormones Produced
Cholecalciferol (calcitrol) (D3))
Function
Inactive form of vitamin D3, absorption of Ca; immunity, inflammation decrease
Placenta
Location
Temporarily implanted in uterus (pregnancy)
Hormones Produced
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Function
Influence course of pregnancy & sustains fetus
Adipose
Location
All over body
Hormones Produced
Leptin (Resistin, adiponectin)
Function
Tells body how much stored energy you have (affect sensitivity to insullin)
GI Tract
Location
Stomach & duedenum
Hormones Produced
Secretin
Function
Released in response to acid in the small intestine
Heart
Location
Posterior to sternum
Hormones Produced
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Function
Decreases sodium in extracellular fuild, thus reducing blood volume & blood pressure
Two kinds of hormones
Steroids
Lipid soluble
Can cross the plasma membrane
Act on receptors inside the cell
Activates genes directly
Steroids and thyroid hormones are lipid based
Non-polar
Affect target cells
Have to bind to the intracellular membrane receptors
The hormone alters its activity by either increasing or decreasing some of it's functions
Synthesized from cholesterol
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
Amino acid based
Water soluble
Cannot cross the plasma membrane
Act on receptors in the plasma membrane
Thyroid is not an amino acid based hormone
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
Polar (hydrophilic)
Affect target cells
Have to bind to the cell membrane receptors
The hormone alters its activity by either increasing or decreasing some of it's functions