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Lec1: What is Cognitive Psychology (Representation in the Brain…

- - - - Watson's Little Albert expt
        
        Classical conditioning of fear
        
        9mth old frightened by rat after loud noise paired with every presentation of the rat
      - Pavlov's Dog
        
        Dog salivate from ringing of bell alone
    - - theory must be parsimonious
        
        parsimony lacking in introspectionism, but really emphasised in behaviourism
      - Irreducible concepts
        
        Broke down bhvr to operant & classically conditioned responses
      - focused on observables only
        
        By focusing on observables, psych became a science not of the mind, not of thought, but of behaviour
        
        consciousness & mental states are not observable->thus should be ignored
    - - Operant conditioning
        
        Bhvr that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated
        
        Bhvr that is punished is less likely to be repeated
        
        Shape bhvr by rewards/punishment
    - - Tolman's maze
        
        Behaviourists would predict the rat which learned to turn right, would not change even after shifting its starting point
        
        cognitive map
        
        However, the rat formed a cognitive map of the maze and turned left to reach the food instead of turning right
      - Chomsky
        
        children say things they've never heard & could not possibly have imitated
        
        children say things that are incorrect & have not been rewarded for
        
        children don't only learn language through imitation & reinforcement
        
        Hence language must be determined by a inborn biological program
  - - - Structuralism
        
        Find irreducible elements of consciousness
        
        describe contents of the consciousness
    - - Analytic introspection
        
        participants trained to describe experiences & thought processes in response to stimuli
        
        eg. identify the 5 notes of a chord played on piano
    - - Results diff to verify->invisible inner mental processes
      - Hard to relate to physiology
      - Poor reliability between subjects (individual variations)
      - Little progress made understanding the mind
      - only covers conscious processing, thoughts but downplays sensory experiences
- - - - info in the envrnt proceeds through a series of processing systems
      - Processing systems transform/alter the info in various systematic ways
      - Influenced by emergence of computers
      - Computer as analogy to model of attention
        
        Input->Input processor->Memory unit->Arithmetic unit->output
        
        Input->Filter->Detector->Memory
  - - - Ecological validity
        
        White room effect
        
        extremely controlled & artificial setting in the lab
        
        Simplified from real-world situation
      - Provide indirect evidence that may not demonstrate neurological plausibility & computational plausibility
    - - Neuroimaging (fMRI, EEG)
      - Neuropsychology
      - Neurophysiology
      - Computational modelling