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34 year old male diagnosed with AIDS (Symptoms of AIDS (Rapid weight loss.…
34 year old male diagnosed with AIDS
Background
Lymphatic anatomy
Cells
Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
manage immune response
some directly attack and destroy infected cells
B lymphocytes
produces plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
Protect the body against foreign antigens
macrophages
phagocytes that eat foreign substances
help to activate T cells
dendritic cells
capture antigens and carry them to lymph nodes to present them
reticular cells
produce fiber like stroma
network that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissue
Tissues
loose connective tissue
Retiicular connective tissue
macrophages live on fibers of tissue
lymphocytes squeeze through walls of venules in this network
ensures that lymphocytes reach infected areas quickly
diffuse lymphoid tissue
loose arrangement of lymphoid cells found in every body organ
lymphoid follicles
solid spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
has germinal center where B cells predominate
organs
primary lymphoid organs
where B and T cells mature
Thymus
T cells mature bere
red bone marrow
B and T cells originate here
B cells mature here
Secondary lymphoid organs
where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and are first activated
lymph nodes
filter lymph and house lymphocytes
large clusters in the axillary, ingunial, and cervical regions
site of immune system activation... when antigens are presented to right lymphocyte
spleen
removes bloodborne pathogen and aged red blood cells
macrophages remove debris and foreign matter
recycles the broken down red blood cells for later reuse
releases breakdown products into the blood for processing by the liver
stores some iron salvaged from hemoglobin
stores platelets and monocytes for released into blood when needed
red pulp
where old red blood cells and pathogens are destroyed
white pulp
where immune functions take place
MALT
tonsils
gather and remove many of the pathogens entering the pharynx in food or inhaled air
peyers patches
located on the wall of the small intestine.. protects body from bacteria in GI tract
appendix
located at the fist section of large intestine
prevents bacteria from breaching intestinal wall
generates memory lymphocytes for long term immunity
innate and adaptive defenses
innate
surface barriers
mucous membranes
mucous
traps organisms in digestive and respiratory tracts
nasal hairs
filter and trap organisms in nasal passages
cilia
move mucous away from nasal cavity and lower respiratory passages
gastric juice
contains HCI and protein digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens
acid mantle of vagina
inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in vagina
lacrimal secretion
contain lysosome an enzyme that destroys bacteria
saliva
lubricates oral cavity... contains lysosome an enzyme that destroys bacteria
urine
slight acidic ph inhibits bacterial growth
defenisins
secreted by mucous membranes
small amount of broad spectrum anti microbial proteins
Skin
Acid mantle
skin secretions... sweat, and sebum
make epidermal surface acidic that inhibits bacterial growth
keratin
provides resistance against acids, alkali, and bacterial enzymes
internal defenses
2nd line of defense
phagocytes
neutrophils - most abundant phagocyte
macrophages (big eaters) derive from monocytes
fever
Caused by pyrogens
raises matabolism
creates uncomfortable environment for pathogens to weaken them
NK cells
non specific killer cells
react to general abnormalities in the cells
cause cells undergo apoptosis
antrimicrobial protiens
Interferons
protein that protects not yet infected cells from viruses
"interfere" with viral replication by blocking protein synthesis
not virus specific .. can protect against multiple
Produce variety of body cells
IFN alpha and beta
antiviral effects but also activate NK cells
IFN gamma
immune interferon
secreted by lymphocytes and had widespread immune mobilization effects
activates macrophages
used to treat
multiple sclerosis, hep C, HPV
Complement
activated complement lyses and kills bacteria
plasma proteins that circle the blood in a normally inactive state
Classical pathway
activates antibodies by coating the target cell
C1- C9
leads to cell lysis
Factors B,D, and P
link to glycocalyx
leads to cell lysis
CRP
From the liver
binds to pathogen to mark it for destruction by macrophages
inflammation
triggered by trauma, heat, chemicals or infection
prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerts adaptive immune system
sets stage for repair
5 signs of inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
impaired function
released chemicals
histamines
granules of mast cells and basophils
promotes vasodialation
kinins
induce chemotaxis, pain
stimulates neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes
prostagladins
induce chemotaxis of neutrophils
induce pain
complement
group of bloodborne proteins
when activated lyse micro organisms, enhance phagocytosis, and intensify inflammation
cytokines
Toll like receptors
macrophages that have pattern recognition receptors that allow them recognize invader and sound a chemical alarm
always prepared... responds between minutes
adaptive
T Cells
when activated by the antigen they stimulate macrophages to go and hunt the pathogen
cytotoxic
helper T cells
memory T cells
regulatory
B Cells
Humoral immunity
triggered by antigens
complete and incomplete (haptens)
antigenic determinants
self antigens (MHC class 1 and 2)
when encounters antigen it clones itself
makes plasma proteins that produce antibodies
produces memory B cells for future reference and immunity
attacks particular foreign substances ... takes awhile to activate
Self antigens
MHC proteins
identify cell bodys own cells as non hostile
APCs
present antigens
dendritic cells
macrophages
some B cells
Viral and bacterial infections
Virus
not alive
needs a host
takes over the hosts cell to produce more virsuses
anti virals ease symptoms but do not kill virus
immune system must handle killing the virus
some preventable by vaccination
bacteria
tiny single celled organism
less than 1 percent cause infection
billions live in ones own body
can be treated with antibiotics
divide and spread throughout body causing infection
AIDS vs HIV
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
a virus
After initial infection becomes asymptomatic
virus that attacks helper t cells (cd4) cells
AIDS
a condition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
3rd stage of HIV infection
HIV attacks CD4 or helper T cells .. after theses cells are gone you cannot activate your immune system
your immune system cannot be activated so you only have the innate system to fight it
HIV destroys helper T cells which are the ones that help activate the rest of your adaptive response
possible symptoms of HIV
Headache
Fatigue
Aching muscles
Sore throat
Swollen lymph nodes in neck and groin
A red rash that is not itchy
Fever
mouth ulcers
night sweats
Indirect effects of HIV
weakened immune system allows other pathogens to attack body more easily
AIDS is when the bodies helper t cells are in deficient and the adaptive response cannot be triggered
AIDS is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome because your immune system is deficient in helper t cells and cannot activate an adaptive response
If left untreated
HIV
will become asymptomatic after initial symptoms
will progress to aids later on in life
this latency is called chronic HIV infection
opportunistic infections will become harder and harder to treat as the immune system (helper T cells) is weakened
AIDS
if left untreated will result in death from a common illness such as a cold, or flu.
Is immune system working?
His innate system is working
but his adaptive is not because there are not sufficient helper t cells to activate it
Symptoms of AIDS
Rapid weight loss.
Recurring fever or profuse night sweats.
Fatigue
constant swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck.
Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week.
Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals.
Pneumonia.
depression
memory loss
colored blotches on skin
Direct cause
The HIV infection was left untreated
Killed the majority of his helper t cells
adaptive immune system cannot be activated
Which caused it to progress to aids
HIV can be spread by certain bodily fluids
Blood
Semen
Pre-seminal fluids
Rectal fluids
Vaginal fluids
Breast milk
during sex, blood transfusion, using tainted needles