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The Living World (Deforestation : Malaysia CASE STUDY (Causes of…

- - - - 1980s : Became world's biggest tropical timber exporter
    - - Roads are needed
        
        to provide access to mining area, settlements and energy projects
        
        to bring in machinery
        
        export timber
    - - Only began generating in 2011
        
        50 years of delay
        
        Due to controversies surrounding it
        
        Reservoir flooded 700km2 of forest and farmland
        
        Several more planned to provide for industrialised Peninsular Malaysia
    - - Moving into the countryside (transmigration) used to be heavily promoted to decrease population of rapidly growing cities
      - 15,000 hectares of rain forest felled for settlers to set up plantation from 1950 - 1980
    - - Slash and burn can get out of control
    - - Largest exporter of palm oil in the world
      - 10 year tax incentives encouraging land use as plantations
    - - Tin mining / smelting is common
      - Land required for roads and mines
      - Drilling for oil / gas becoming a larger issue in Borneo
  - - - Roots of trees / plants binds soil together
        
        Soil more easily eroded due to deforestation
    - - Destroys ecosystem
      - Destroys ground and tree based habitats
    - - Transpiration - Trees give off moisture
        
        Deforestation reduces moisture in air
        
        DRIER CLIMATE
      - Evaporation uses up heat and cools air
        
        Deforestation stops cooling from occuring
        
        TEMPERATURES RISE
      - Increased CO2 as trees can't absorb
        
        GLOBAL WARMING ACCELERATED
    - - Short term economic gains - Long terms losses
      - Gains
        
        More jobs
        
        Taxes improve local public services
        
        Transport infrastructure improved
      - Losses
        
        Water shortages
        
        Pollution of sources
        
        Drier climate
        
        Medically beneficial plants may go extinct
- - - - Valuable reserves of minerals and stone which can be used and exported across the world
      - Gypsum
        
        Making plaster for construction industry
        
        Making cement
      - Reserves of marble quarried near Jodhpur
    - - India's largest wind farm
        
        Jaisalmer Wind Park constructed 2001
      - Extensive lignite coal deposits
      - Large oil field in Barmer District
        
        Has potential to benefit local economy
    - - Commercial farming made possible by irrigation
        
        Indira Ghandi Canal in 1958
        
        Over 3000km2 irrigated by the same canal
    - - Popular tourist destination
        
        10,000s / year many from Pakistan
        
        Desert safaris, particularly in Jailsalmer
        
        Annual Desert Festival
        
        Locals benefit by accommodating, guiding or looking after and rearing camels
  - - - Exceeds 50 degrees in Summer
      - Very hard to work outside, especially for farmers
      - Water shortages due to high rates of evaporation
      - Livestock / Cattle need shade
    - - Water is scarce and demand is increasing
        
        Population growing
        
        Farming industry developed
        
        Low annual rainfall
        
        Strong winds cause high rates of evaporation
    - - Limited road network
        
        Tarmac melts
        
        Sand blows over roads
      - Most places only accessible by camel
      - Dangerously crowded buses