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The Challenge of Natural Hazards (How response is affected by development,…

- - - - Dead Crops: Many crops were destroyed and meant that there wasn't enough food to provide for the entire community
      - Flooding : New Orleans and other states were left below sea level, as their levees broke due to the severity of Hurricane Katrina - causing flooding.
    - - Damage : Around $300 billion worth of damage was caused. Many houses and business were destroyed.
      - Insurance - Approximately $40 billion were spent just on insurance, as people had applied for car, house, pet, health insurance and the government had to pay for new jobs, homes etc.
      - Looting : Criminal gangs roamed the streets looting homes and stealing valuables from other places.
    - - Deaths : Over 1500 people lost their lives
      - Homelessness : 800,000 housing units destroyed
        
        Millions of people were forced to take refuge in the Super bowl
        
        This lead to extreme conditions - diseases and illnesses
        
        More money spent on medication and doctors
        
        Water : Drinking water system was contaminated so disease spread easily (Cholera, diarrhea)
    - - Short term
        
        National Guard mobilised to restore and maintain law and order
        
        $50bn in aid from government
        
        UK government sent food aid
      - Long term
        
        Roughly 200 miles of flood walls and levees strengthened or replaced
        
        Roughly $17bn for rebuilding damaged houses and infrastructure
        
        Emergency aid services have been made more efficient
  - - - When : 2010 (Feb 27)
      - Magnitude
        
        8.8 (Richter Scale)
        Just off coast of central Chile
      - Effects
        
        Primary
        
        500 killed
        
        12,000 injured
        
        Over 200,000 houses destroyed
        
        4,500 schools destroyed
        
        Santiago airport badly damaged, hampering international aid efforts
        
        $30 bn overall
        
        Secondary
        
        1500km of roads destroyed by landslides - cutting off remote communities
        
        Coastal towns and Pacific countries affected by tsunami (It happened just off the coast)
      - Responses
        
        Short term
        
        Emergency services and international help supplied field hospitals
        
        Temporary repairs to route 5 highway within 24 hours, enabling transport of aid from Santiago to remote communities
        
        Power and water restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
        
        Long term
        
        Housing reconstruction planned to help nearly 200,000 a month after
        
        Strong economy based on copper exports, didn't require much foreign aid
        
        President announced it could take as little as 4 years to fully recover
      - What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
      - Which Plates :Nazca plate subducted beneath South American
    - - Which Plates : Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates
      - When : 2015
      - What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
      - Magnitude
        
        7.9 (Richter Scale)
        80km North - West of Capital (Kathmandu)
      - Responses
        
        Short term
        
        UK + India + China sent rescues teams and water/medical supplies promptly
        
        Helicopters delivered supplies to villages that had been cut off by landslides
        
        300,000 people migrated to Kathmandu for shelter / support
        
        Long term
        
        Roads repaired
        
        Landslides cleared
        
        Heritage sites re-opened to boost tourism
      - Effects
        
        Primary
        
        9,000 killed
        
        20,000 injured
        
        3 million homeless
        
        7,000 schools destroyed
        
        $5bn overall cost
        
        1.4 million without food, water or shelter for days - weeks after (roughly half of all made homeless)
        
        Secondary
        
        Roads blocked by landslides, hampering relief efforts
        
        Avalanche left 250 missing
        
        Avalanche on Everest killed 19
- - - - Economic
        
        Local companies couldn't open
        
        Local economy suffered from loss of tourism
        
        Homes, bridges, roads and cars destroyed
        
        Total cost of 4.5 million in reparations
      - Environmental
        
        Crops damaged
      - Social
        
        No deaths or injuries
    - - Short term
        
        People evacuated
        
        Resources allocated via helicopters
      - Long term
        
        River widened + riverbed lowered
        
        New flood wall added
        
        Bridges made higher
        
        Car park extended and raised