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The Challenge of Natural Hazards (How response is affected by development,…
The Challenge of Natural Hazards
How response is affected by development
Case Study : Hurricane Katrina
Category 5
Storm surges over 6m high
New Orleans affected the worst (80% flooded)
Environmental
Dead Crops: Many crops were destroyed and meant that there
wasn't enough food
to provide for the entire community
Flooding : New Orleans and other states were
left below sea level
, as their levees broke due to the severity of Hurricane Katrina - causing flooding.
Economic
Damage : Around
$300 billion worth of damage
was caused. Many houses and business were destroyed.
Insurance - Approximately
$40 billion
were spent just on insurance, as people had applied for car, house, pet, health insurance and the government had to pay for new jobs, homes etc.
Looting : Criminal gangs roamed the streets
looting homes and stealing valuables
from other places.
Social
Deaths :
Over 1500 people
lost their lives
Homelessness :
800,000 housing units
destroyed
Millions of people were forced to take refuge in the Super bowl
This lead to extreme conditions - diseases and illnesses
More money spent on medication and doctors
Water : Drinking water system was contaminated so disease spread easily
(Cholera, diarrhea)
Responses
Short term
National Guard mobilised to restore and maintain law and order
$50bn in aid from government
UK government sent food aid
Long term
Roughly 200 miles of flood walls and levees strengthened or replaced
Roughly $17bn for rebuilding damaged houses and infrastructure
Emergency aid services have been made more efficient
CASE STUDY : CHILE 2010 vs NEPAL 2015
Chile 2010
When : 2010 (Feb 27)
Magnitude
8.8 (Richter Scale)
Just off coast of central Chile
Effects
Primary
500 killed
12,000 injured
Over 200,000 houses destroyed
4,500 schools destroyed
Santiago airport badly damaged, hampering international aid efforts
$30 bn overall
Secondary
1500km of roads destroyed by landslides - cutting off remote communities
Coastal towns and Pacific countries affected by tsunami (It happened just off the coast)
Responses
Short term
Emergency services and international help supplied field hospitals
Temporary repairs to route 5 highway within 24 hours, enabling transport of aid from Santiago to remote communities
Power and water restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
Long term
Housing reconstruction planned to help nearly 200,000 a month after
Strong economy based on copper exports, didn't require much foreign aid
President announced it could take as little as 4 years to fully recover
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
Which Plates :Nazca plate subducted beneath South American
Nepal 2015
Which Plates : Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates
When : 2015
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
Magnitude
7.9 (Richter Scale)
80km North - West of Capital (Kathmandu)
Responses
Short term
UK + India + China sent rescues teams and water/medical supplies promptly
Helicopters delivered supplies to villages that had been cut off by landslides
300,000 people migrated to Kathmandu for shelter / support
Long term
Roads repaired
Landslides cleared
Heritage sites re-opened to boost tourism
Effects
Primary
9,000 killed
20,000 injured
3 million homeless
7,000 schools destroyed
$5bn overall cost
1.4 million without food, water or shelter for days - weeks after (roughly half of all made homeless)
Secondary
Roads blocked by landslides, hampering relief efforts
Avalanche left 250 missing
Avalanche on Everest killed 19
Chile has a higher HDI and GDP than Nepal, it is a lot more developed
In the UK
Boscastle Flooding
2004
Effects
Economic
Local companies couldn't open
Local economy suffered from loss of tourism
Homes, bridges, roads and cars destroyed
Total cost of 4.5 million in reparations
Environmental
Crops damaged
Social
No deaths or injuries
Responses
Short term
People evacuated
Resources allocated via helicopters
Long term
River widened + riverbed lowered
New flood wall added
Bridges made higher
Car park extended and raised