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A 22-year old male bodybuilder has been using a potent, synthetic,…

- - - - The two kinds of hormones and how they affect target cells
        
        Lipid-Soluble Hormones
        
        Are relatively small, nonpolar molecules that are lipophilic (lipid-loving)
        
        Water-Soluble Hormones
        
        Are polar molecules and are unable to cross the plasma membrane
      - Major Endocrine Gland Hormones
        
        Thyroid Glands
        
        (T3) Triiodothyronine and (T4) Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
        
        Increase metabolic rate of all cells
        
        Increase heat production (calorigenic effect)
        
        Calcitonin
        
        Decreases blood calcium levels
        
        Most significant in children
        
        Parathyroids Glands
        
        Chief Cells
        
        Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue and decrease loss of calcium in urine
        
        Oxyphil Cell
        
        Unknown
        
        Pituitary Glands
        
        Posterior
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
        
        Stimulates both kidneys to decrease urine output and thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated
        
        In high dose, ADH is a vasoconstrictor
        
        Oxytocin
        
        Contraction of smoother muscle of uterus
        
        Ejection of Milk
        
        Increases feelings of emotional bonding between individuals
        
        Anterior
        
        Prolactin (PRL)
        
        Regulates mammry gland growth and breast milk production in females
        
        May increase secretion of testosterone in males
        
        Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
        
        Controls development of sperm within testes
        
        Controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle within ovaries
        
        Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
        
        Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
        
        Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
        
        Induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
        
        Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
        
        Growth Hormone (GH)
        
        Release of insulin-like growth factors from liver
        
        GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth
        
        Pineal Gland
        
        Melatonin
        
        Helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm
        
        Functions in sexual maturation
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone
        
        Stimulates both kidneys to decrease urine output and thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated
        
        Regulating Hormones to Anterior Pituitary
        
        Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
        
        Oxytocin
        
        Contraction of smoother muscle of uterus
        
        Ejection of Milk
        
        Increases feelings of emotional bonding between individuals
      - The specific hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to testes
        
        The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.
        
        The hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
        
        Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
        
        Controls testosterone synthesis within testes
        
        Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
        
        Controls development of sperm within testes
    - - Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
    - - Thyroid Glands
        
        Regulates Metabolism
        
        Deals with growth and development of the human body
      - Parathyroids Glands
        
        Controls the body's calcium
      - Pituitary Gland
        
        "Third Eye"
        
        Helps maintain circadian rhythm
        
        Regulate Reproductive Hormones
      - Pineal Gland
        
        Regulates sleep patterns
      - Hypothalamus
        
        "Master control center"
        
        Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via pituitary gland
        
        Releasing Hormones
        
        Regulates Body Temperature
        
        Controlling Appetite
        
        Managing of Sexual Behavior
        
        Maintaining Daily Physiological Cycles
        
        Regulating Emotional Responses
    - - Feedback Loops
      - Up and Down-Regulation
  - - - Thyroid Glands
      - Parathyroids Glands
        
        Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
      - Pituitary Gland
      - Pineal Glands
        
        Is attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus
      - Hypothalamus
- - - - Abnormal Development of the mammary glands in men causing breast enlargement
    - - Alterations with other blood lipids
    - - Depression
      - Suicidal Tendencies
      - Increased Aggression
      - Irritability
    - - Absence of sperm in semen
    - - Heart Attacks
      - Strokes
    - - Liver Cysts
      - Liver Tumors
    - - Deeper voice in women
  - - - The imbalances of hormones causes the androgenic effects on both genders
        
        Decreases production of LH, which produces testosterones naturally
        
        Steroids converted to estrogen, which stimulates female sexual characteristics
        
        Inappropriate hair growth and baldness
        
        Gynecomastia
        
        An enlargement or swelling of breast tissue in males
      - As the testosterone levels increase, so the body stops making hormones
- - - - Heart Attacks
      - Stroke
      - Blood Clots
      - Artery Damage
      - High Blood Pressure
    - - Shrinking of the testicles
      - Male-Pattern Baldness
      - Enlarged Breasts
      - Testicular Cancer
      - Decrease sperm production
    - - HIV/AIDS
      - Hepatitis
    - - Peliosis Hepatitis
      - Tumors
    - - Tendon Injury
    - - Oily Scalp and Skin
      - Abscess at injection site
      - Severe Acne and Cysts
      - Jaundice
  - - - This occurs due to hormonal imbalance since the steroids were creating an abundant amount of testosterone, than the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
      - Mood Swings
      - Restlessness
      - Loss of appetite
      - Drug Cravings
      - Decrease in blood pressure
      - Joint Pain
      - Muscle Weakness
      - Trouble Concentrating
      - Abdominal Pain
      - Nausea