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Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay (Conservative Law (The total energy…
Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Decay
A spontaneous nuclear transformation that has been shown
to be unaffected by pressure, temperature, chemical form.
Half Life the time required for one-half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to undergo decay
Radioactive decay can be characterized by ⍺, β, and γ radiation
Have internal conversion and spontaneous fission
Kinetics of simple radioactive decay
Radioactive decay units
Beta decay
occurs when, in a nucleus with too many protons or too many neutrons, one of the protons or neutrons is transformed into the other
Beta decay- The neutrino
Antineutrinos and neutrinos to conserve the nuclear angular momentum in term of the nuclear spin
Beta decay- Electron capture
he captured electron comes from one of the inner orbitals of the atom.
Depending on the electron shell from which the electron originates, the process is sometimes referred to as K-capture, L-capture
Beta decay- Daughter recoil
If the β -particle and the neutrino are emitted with the same momentum but in opposite direction, the daughter nucleus experiences no recoil.
If they are both emitted in the same direction, or if all the energy is carried away with one of the particles, the daughter experiences maximum recoil.
Alpha decay
Alpha decay occurs most often in massive nuclei that have too large a proton to neutron ratio.
An alpha particle, with its two protons and two neutrons, is a very stable configuration of particles
Internal Conversion
Internal conversion, can occur within the atom undergoing radioactive decay.
Part of the nuclear excitation energy is required to overcome the binding energy Ebe, of the electron in its electronic orbital.
Gamma rays- detection
Gamma rays produce very low density ionization in gases so they are not usually counted by ionization, proportional, or Geiger counters.
Branching decay
The parent nuclide may decay to two or more different daughter nuclides
Each mode of decay in branching may be treated separately; the decay in an individual branch has a half-life based on the partial decay constant.
Conservative Law
The total energy of the system must be constant
The linear momentum must be conserved in the system
The total charge the system must be constant
