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The Self, Perception and Communication (Communication and Identity…

- - - - Important Element: Self-Esteem - Our evaluations of self-worth
        
        High self-esteem: Confindence about themselves and not easy to be swayed by pressure. However, sometimes high self-esteem is not always good
        
        Low self-esteem: Lacks confidence. They prefer to stay away from teh social
      - Unique characteristic about us and find the difference and similarity between ourselves and others
  - - - We inherits about 40% of personality traits
  - - - Reflected Appraisal: The influence of others on one-self concept
      - Communicate with Significant Others can greatly affect ourselves concept
        
        Significant others are the people who we value their opinions
        Ex: Your parents, friends, family, ...
        
        Example from my life: I ask my family to decide which college I should go to
      - In social, you will evaluate yourself by comparing you with the others
        
        Social media is a source of comparison
  - - - Asian: Value group identity more than personal autonomy
      - Most Western Cultures: Highly individualistic, meaning they value individuality and independence
  - - - This can be both good and bad
      - The relationship between self-concept and communication
  - - - There are two types of self-fulfilling prophecy
        
        Psyched yourself: Boosted confidence by thinking positively
        
        Occurs when one person's expectation govern anothers' actions
- - - - Internal factors shape how we make sense to others
        Ex: Our motives
      - Emotional states also affect what we select
      - External factors select things that stand out to the others
    - - Organize our perceptions using perceptual schemeta, cognitive frameworks that allow usgive order to the information we have selected
        
        There are four type of schemeta
        
        Role Constructs - Use social position
        
        Ex: Students, attorney, wife
        
        Interaction Constructs - Focuson on social behaviour
        
        Ex: Friendly, helpful, aloof, sarcastic
        
        Physical constructs - Classify people according to their appearance
        
        Ex: Beautiful or ugly, fat or thin, young or old
        
        Psychological Contructs - Refers to internal states of mind and dispositions
        
        Ex: Confident, insecure, happy, neurotic
        
        Make generalizations about members of the groups who fit our categories.
  - - - Narratives shape communication
        
        Sudden Narratives
        
        Idealized Narratives
  - - - There are ostacles to understanding and agree arise from errors of interpretation, called Attribution
        Attribution - The process of attaching meaning
        
        This happen becuase they use different standard of comparison
        
        Perceptual errors that lead to inaccurate attributions
        
        We Are Influenced by What Is Most Obvious
        
        We pay attention to stimuli that are intense, repetitious or contrastive
        
        Motives also determine what information we select fom our enviroment
        
        Cling to First Impressions, Even If Wrong
        
        Problems arise when the labels we attach are inaccurate, because after we form an opinionof someone, we tend to hang on to it and ignore any conflicting information
        
        First impressions are very important
        
        Pay More Attention to Negative Impressions Than Positive Ones
        
        Tend to Assume That Others Are Similar to Us
        
        We commonly imagine that others possess the same attitudesand motives taht we do
        
        Often Judge Oureselves More Charitably Than We Judge Others
        
        Self-Serving Bias - The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way thatcats the perceiver in the most favourable manners
        
        Made Snap Judgement
        
        Snap judegement become particularly problematic when they are based on Stereotyping
        Stereotyping - The perceptual process of applying exagerrated beliefs associated with a categorizing system
        
        Three characteristics distinguish stereotypes from reasonable generalizations:
        
        3 more items...
  - - - There are three Dimension of Empathy
        
        Emotional Dimension - Allow you to experience what others are feeling
        
        Genuine Concern - Genuinely care about their well-being
        
        Perspective Talking - The ability to take on the viewpoint of another person
      - Empathy is different from Sympathy
        
        Sympathy - Compassion for another's situation
        
        Empathy share the other's experience while Sympathy don;t need to share the experience
    - - Complete Perception Checking need three parts
        
        At least two interpretations of the behaviour
        
        A request for clarification about how to interpret the behaviour
        
        A description of behaviour you noticed
  - - - Health and Nutrition
      - Bilogical Cycles
      - Age
      - Neurology
    - - Occupational Roles - The kind of work we do also governs our view of
        the world.
        
        Dramatic illustration - A study from the early 1970s by psychologist Philip Zimbardo
        
        10 Guards - Set their own rules for this experiment
        The rules are harsh
        
        Become sadistic, physically nad verbally bullying the prisoners
        
        10 Prisoners - Placed in rooms with metal bars, bucket toilet, and cots
        
        Started to resist because the rules are harsh
      - Relational Roles - Defines who you are and affect your perception
        
        Roles of parents, partners, spouses, boyfriends/girlfriends, sweet heart, ...
      - Sex and Gender Roles - Some communication problems come from ignor-
        ing physiological (bodily) differences in how each of us experiences the world.
        
        Second Misconception - Sex and Gender is not the same
        Sex: A biological category such as male or female
        Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a society consides approriate for men and women
        
        Third Misconception - Masculine and feminine behaviors occur at opposite poles on a single continuum.
        
        Alternatively, there can be four basic gender identities
        
        Feminine
        
        Androgynous - Combining both masculine and feminine traits
        
        Masculine
        
        Undifferentiated - Neither masculine nor feminine
        
        First Misconception - People are either male or female
  - - - Overtime, people can get to know each other well enoughand may even share information about themselves that they would be reluctant to disclose in person
        
        In text-based channels, receivers depend more on writing style to get a sense
        of the sender.
- - - - People play a varities of roles
        
        The ability to construct multiple identies is one element of communication competence
    - - We collaborate with the others to improvise scenes
    - - Concious
        
        Frame Switching - Adopting the perspective of different cultures
      - Unconcious
        
        Script - Habitual, reflexive way of behaving
    - - Some people are much
        more aware of their identity management behavior than others.
        
        High-self monitors can adjust theor behaviour to get the desired reaction from the others
        
        Hard to tell what they are feeling as they are good at acting
  - - - Lack richness in the messages
      - Less vivid and detailed
      - Don't convey the postures, gestures, or facial expressions that impart important cues about what people really means
      - Lack the vocal information
    - - Post images that appear to be more attractive and omit the one that is less flattering
      - The receiver can ignore the messages without the need to response
      - Can edit the messages you sent
      - Serve as a tool for impression management
  - - - Presenting Self - The image a person presents to the others. It may be identical to or different from the perceived and ideal selves
        
        Presenting Self is a Public Self
        
        Face - The socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present
        
        Facework - Verbal and nonverbal behaviour designed to create and maintain communicator'sface and the face of others
        
        Maintain our own identity
        
        communicating in ways that reinforce the identities that others are trying to present
      - Perceived Self - The person we believe ourselves to be in moments of candor. It may be identical to or different from the presenting and ideal selve
        
        Perceived Self is a Private Self
  - - - Find the person you trusted to ask about advices and questions