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Chapter 21 Absolutism (Europe (Several German Protestant princes took this…
Chapter 21 Absolutism
Europe
Lutheran and catholic princesses were trying to gain followers, but both sides felt threatened by Calvinism, which was spreading in Germany and
gaining many followers.
Several German Protestant princes took this chance to challenge their
Catholic emperor, Thirty Years’ War,
Thirty Years’ War a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families
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The war damaged Germany by its population decreased, agriculture was disrupted and its economy was ruined
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war, but had consequences:weakened the Hapsburg states, strengthened France, made German princes independent, ended religious wars in Europe, and introduced a new method of peace negotiation
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One reason for this is that the economy of
central Europe developed differently from that of western Europe.
One reason for this is that the economy of
central Europe developed differently from that of western Europe is by slowly won freedom and moved to towns.
The landowning nobles in central Europe not only held
down the serfs but also blocked the development of strong kings. For
the Holy Roman Empire was seriously weakened by the Thirty Years War, no longer able to command the obedience of the German states, the Holy Roman
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France
Descended from the popular medieval king Louis IX, Henry
was robust, athletic, and handsome.
As king, he showed himself to be decisive,
fearless in battle, and a clever politician.
he declared that Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up on their own houses of worship in some cities, this declaration of religious toleration was called the Edict of Nantes
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In 1610, a fanatic leaped into the royal carriage and stabbed Henry to death.
Cardinal Richelieu (RIHSH•uh•loo) became, in effect, the ruler of France; he had been a hard-working leader of the Catholic in France
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Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy by moving against the Huguenots and believed that Protestantism often served as an excuse for
political conspiracies against the Catholic king.
skepticism, the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
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Many people in France, particularly the nobles, hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and strengthened the central government
Louis weakened the power of the nobles and increased the power of government agents called intendants
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Jean Baptiste Colbert, Henry minister of finance believed in collecting taxes to ame France self-sufficient.
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Spain
Philip ll was serious, shy and deeply religious, but can also be aggressive for his empire. DONT TRUST NOBODY
When Philip assumed the throne, the reformation was happening that was a religious wars, but it wasnt rare for spaniards
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With Philips ll defeats it made seriously weakened spain, but its wealth made the appearance of strength
Spain’s great wealth did more than support navies and build palaces and also allowed monarchs and nobles to become the patrons of artists
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paintings of Diego Velasquez reflected the pride of the spanish monarchy and is famous for painting the royal family
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Don Quijotes publications is often called the birth of the modern Europe, the book is about Don Quijote that went crazy after reading many several knight books
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Spain’s great wealth flowed into the pockets of
foreigners, who were mostly Spain’s enemies.
To finance their wars, Spanish kings borrowed money
from German and Italian bankers.
Rembrandt van Rijn and Jan Vermeer used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
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In response to these crises, monarchs tried to impose order by increasing their
own power.
England
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When James l died his son, Charles l took the throne, he always needed money because he was in was with France and Spain, but later on he needed to sign the Petition of Right
the Petition of Right had four points; Charles would not impose martial law, would not house soldiers in private homes, would not levy taxes without Parliaments house, and finally would not imprison subjects without due case
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The English Civil War was caused by Charles signing the petition and disobeying them the people who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers
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Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans brought Charles to a trial for treason and was found guilty. therefore they sentenced him to death
Cromwell established a republican form of government; Cronwells associate drafted the constitution, the first written constitution of any modern state. Cromwell eventually tore up the document and became a military dicatotor
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When William led his army to London 1668, James fled to France; theis bloodiest overthrow King James ll is called the Glorious Revolution
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During the 1700s, this potential problem was remedied by the development of
a group of government ministers, or officials, called the cabinet.
Bill of Rights To make clear the limits of royal power,
Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689.
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Russia
Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, came to the throne when he was only three years old and faced struggles of power
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Ivan was the first Russian ruler to use being zcar officially, and crowned himself a zcar
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Ivan committed an act of personal tragedy and national disaster, with accusing the boyars of poisoning his wife; he killed his oldest son with an accident quarrel
After, Ivans son death, he left the Time of Troubles
Peter became a sole ruler of Russia and became known for Peter the Great , because he was one of the Russias greatr
Peter became a sole ruler of Russia and became known for one of the Russias greatest reformers and was called Peter the Great
Peter was 24 years old when he becamed the sole ruler of Russia, and one of his goals was to learn more about European techniques and culture
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After 21 years, Peter finally won the "window of Europe" that Peter had so desperately wanted
