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The atlantic world (The Reign of Louis XIV (Edict of Nantes- In 1598,…

- - - - To communicate his ideas, Montaigne developed a
        new form of literature, the essay.
      - For these reasons, Montaigne believed that humans could never have abso-
        lute knowledge of what is true.
  - - - Guilds that had emerged in
      - the Middle Ages still dominated business in Spain. Such
      - guilds used old-fashioned methods.
  - - - Descended from the popular medieval king Louis IX, Henry
        was robust, athletic, and handsome. In
      - Aided by an adviser who enacted wise financial policies, Henry devoted his
        reign to rebuilding France and its prosperity.
    - - After Henry IV’s death, his
        
        son Louis XIII reigned. Louis was a weak king, but in 1624,
        
        he appointed a strong minister who made up for all of Louis’s
        
        weaknesses.
      - Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the
        Bourbon monarchy.
  - - - the idea
      - that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative
      - on Earth.
- - - - The Hohenzollerns built up
      - their state from a number of small holdings, begin-
      - ning with the German states of Brandenburg and
      - Prussia.
  - - - Hapsburg triumphs and the phase of Hapsburg defeats.
      - Hapsburg Triumphs The Thirty Years’ War lasted from 1618 to 1648. During
      - the first 12 years,
- - - - Cromwell now held the reins of power. In 1649, he abolished the
      - monarchy and the House of Lords. He established a commonwealth, a republican
      - form of government.
  - - - Over time, the cabinet became the center of power and policymaking. Under the
      - cabinet system, the leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and
      - is called the prime minister.