JOHN HILIARD - English conceptual artist who has an ongoing body of working addressing 'photography as a medium'. examples of Hiliard's work is ' Sixty Seconds of Light' (1970). A work created using 120 film, the 12 images in the series correspond to the 12 negatives in the film. The photos show a photographic clock within artificial light. As the photos were recorded the clock was set to 12 time duration's to which increased in five second increments.

JAY DEFEO - American artist known for her works within painting, collage, photography, sculpture, and photocopying. Defeo works particularly with experimental recordings of her work, making the 3D become flat. Taking photographs of her work half way through creating it so the end result is never what 'existed' in the photos. Said to have blurred the 'boundaries between abstraction and representation' by fragmenting the images. An example of this would be her works ' The Rose' (1958-1966), the piece took more than eight years to created and weighed more than a tone. it was ten and a half feet tall and a foot thick due to the paint being led based.

"The idea became a machine that makes the art " - Lewitt 1976

Australian artist, came to prime in the art scene around the late 1960's.

believes music is talking about 'them', traffic is nobody talking but sound is acting

suggests most see a sound as useless, but Cage embraces them as there are no psychological or emotive strings to them, the sound doesnt have to mean anything

Keith Arnatt - is it possible for me to do nothing as my contribution to this exhibition

4 artists = Lawrence Weiner, Daniel Buren, Mel Bachner & Sol Lewitt

asked by 'arts magazine' to submit a document = one page, for the April 1970 issue. ' pages served as an example of several types of art documentation used by idea artists

'introduced serious questions concerning the function of an art magazine into conceptual art environment

the texts done by these four artists, intended to evaluate as art rather than as criticism

the texts themselves have become the art. the traditional use of photos in a magazine being mocked.

the pages that followed were not reproductions to aesthetic criticism. they were just art.

a drawing of a 'noisy alarm' towards modern art // the piece is a wiring diagram to the 'dada alarm clock' // the current is modern art // left side is stable, negative and traditional meaning French modernism, the right side is positive, anti-traditional this is the dada artists (means Picabia himself is directly connected to the dada clock) // the left side has to pass through the dada transformer before coming into the 'inner circle' // when all of this is complete and connected the clock will tick and the bells will chime in Paris

Beuys spent 3 days in a room with a coyote, flew to NYC and straight away was wrapped in felt and taken in an ambulance to the gallery - it was important that he didn't touch American soil - within his time in the gallery, regular actions were performed such as the wrapping of the felt around him like a Shepard. the coyote was cautious,detached, aggressive and companionable throughout his time. at the end of the time, he was wrapped in felt again and driven back to the airport.

coyote - to the Native Americans a powerful god, but with new European settlers it was seen as a pest to be rid off. the performance was an attempt to heal the wounds by evoking a spiritual response in the audience that would start a healing process.

The pieces 'Genital Panic' by artist Valie Export are both photographic and a performance. The performance saw Export performing in Munich within an art cinema wearing a pair of trousers which had a triangle cut out where her private parts were; hence placing them on display at eye level for many within the viewing area. Export walked the aisles to each row and offered members of the audience to have sex with her, whilst holding a machine gun to which was pointed at viewers. It then became rumoured that members of the audience left the theatre in silence, the accuracy of this has been denied by Export but suggested otherwise by members of the audience. The concept around this act was to confront the cliche surrounding how we see females within the cinematic industry, as objects for the male gaze.

The photographic piece is a series of six identical photographs of Export sat on a bench infront of a wall made from doors, again wearing the same outfit as the performance piece,holding the same machine gun. in the photos, she is bare foot which highlights her vulnerability such as her genitals. in the performance, the gun was pointed on those in the audience. in the photos, the gun is positioned at chest level, suggested to be aimed at the viewer.

Hannah Hoch is one of the first Dada artists to be using photo-montage techniques within their work, hence why she is now so heavily credited. Hoch suggested the war has completely destroyed her outlook on the modern world and as a result, she has to create a new ‘political consciousness’. Hoch was introduced to the Dada movement by her then boyfriend, Raoul Hausmann, a member of the Dada movement. As a result of this connection, she was introduced to other artists within the group. However, not all of the members appreciated Hoch’s contribution to the movement.

Hoch’s work although represented the Dada aesthetic it also added a mention to feminism whilst highlighting the wrongs of society at the time. Standing alone with this concept of female equality, many of the members never full accepted Hoch into the movement. Hoch’s piece ‘Da-Dandy (1919)’ is one of Hoch’s political photo-montages, the photo montages saw the artist appropriating images and texts from the media, as a result Hoch was ironically criticising the government and the war.

fluxus didnt agree with museums and galleries determining the value of art or that one must be educated to view and understand art. wanted art to be for the masses and to be produced all the time

wanted to destroy the boundary between art and life // george stated that he wished to 'purge the world of bourgeoisie sickness'

text within images holds a long history within art: example - William Blake, 18th century poet who published books of his writings with his own illustrations

dada and surrealists combined found text with appropriated images.

four phenomena's of conceptual art & language: 1. words have coded meanings that affects what one see's in an image. 2. words create mental images that conflict what we see. 3. images have meanings that conflict how we perceive words. 4. images can call up words in one's mind

'one thing conceptual art has done apart from underlining the central importance of theory, is to make the photograph an important tool of practice' - chapter 3, pg. 39

'seems to be extensively believed by photographers that meanings are to be found in the world much in the way that rabbits are found on downs' pg.40

'objects present to the camera are already in use in the production of meanings and photography has no choice but to operate upon such meanings' pg 40

'discourse = 'arena of information exchange, that is, a system of relations between parties engaged in communicative activity' pg85

photographic discourse is a system within which the culture harnesses photographs to various representational tasks pg.87

every photographic image is a sign, someone's investment in the sending of a message

known for his land art which reflects the concepts of time and space

markings did not become permanent as they were chalk and so the temporary aspects of the work have been said to ‘draw attention to the passing of time’ and the concept that ‘change is constant’

positioned in a cross format and were calibrated so the four tubes frame the sun on the horizon.

Holt did not hide her traces of the series but instead embraced and documented the labour of the creation