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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors (C4…

- - - - Called the Calvin/Benson cycle or C3 cycle
        
        RuBP reacts with CO2
        
        Forms two C3 molecules called 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA)
        
        RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO) carries out this reaction
        
        Most abundant protein in the world
  - - - Used to rearrange molecules larger than PGAL
    - - Synthesis of glucose is gluconeogenesis
        
        This is just glycolysis in reverse
    - - Intermediate storage
      - Short term storage
      - Long term storage
  - - - Creates intermediates-ATP and NADPH
    - - Light is a small segment of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        Radiation as a set of particles are a quanta also called photons
    - - Pigment are substances that absorb light
        
        Visible light is absorbed and an electron is activated
        
        The molecule goes from ground state to excited state
      - Chlorophyll a only absorbs some red and some blue
        
        Action spectrum shows which wavelengths are most effective at powering photochemical processes
        
        Absorption spectrum shows which wavelengths are absorbed by a pigment
        
        Accessory pigments absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        Most common accessory pigment is chlorophyll b
        
        Resonance occurs to transfer energy from chlorophyll b to a
    - - Contains little chlorophyll b
      - Reaction center is called P700, absorbs red light of 700 nm
        
        Then absorbed by electron called Fx which is unstable
        
        Then passes electron to ferredoxin
        
        Electrons are then passed to ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
        
        Converts to NADPH after NADP+ is reduced
        
        Located in thylakoid membrane
    - - Reduces P700
        
        Plastocyanin donates an electron to chlorophyll a of PSI reaction center
        
        Receives new electron from cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        In turn receives an electron from plastoquinone
        
        Receives electrons from Q (molecule of quinone
        
        Receives electrons from phaeophytin (chlorophyll a w/o Mg+ atom)
        
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      - Chlorophyll b levels are almost equal to chlorophyll a
      - Described as working backwards from PSI
      - Electrons are passed from water to P680, move through ETC to P700
    - - Chemiosmotic phosphorylation in chloroplast
        
        Granum consist of stacks called thylakoids
        
        Where cyclic electron transport occurs
        
        Used to make more ATP w/o making extra NADPH
        
        Liquid surrounding thylakoids is the stroma
        
        Where noncyclic electron transport occurs
        
        Electrons can flow smoothly from H2O to NADPH
- - - - Atoms are not carrying as many atoms as it can
      - Oxidation reaction
        
        Increases the positive charge of an atom
        
        NAD+ and NADP+ are oxidizing agens
    - - Electrons are added to an atom
      - Reduction reaction
        
        Reduces the positive charge of an atom
        
        NADH and NADPH are strong reducing agents
    - - Tendency to accept or donate electrons, varies greatly
  - - - Small proteins that contain a cofactor heme
      - Integral part of the chloroplast's thylakoids
        
        Cannot be removed without destroying membrane
    - - Transport electrons within a membrane
      - Hydrophobic, can dissolve easy into chloroplast membrane
    - - Carries electrons on a metal atom
      - Can travel short distances on chloroplast membrane
  - - - Allow pigments to enter into every reaction
        
        Problem: large molecules are not very mobile and never move across membranes
      - Allow pigments to make smaller intermediates
        
        Photosynthetic reactions produce ATP
        
        Relatives of ATP (ADP) are involved
        
        ADP carries high-energy phosphate bonds
        
        Three methods ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
        
        Photophosphorylation
        
        Involves light energy so animals cannot do this
        
        Substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        Produces compounds with high-energy phosphate groups, animals can do
        
        Oxidative phosphorylation
        
        Last stage of respiration and occurs in the mitochondria
- - - - If limited water is available, plants keep stroma closed during the day
  - - - That break down is called photorespiration
    - - Grasses, ice plants, and spurges
  - - - Haworthia cooperi also of Africa have many leaves
    - - Lithops of African desserts conserve water by having two leaves
  - - - First discovered in the family Crassulacceae
      - Stomata is only open at night
      - ATP and NADPH cannot be stored
        
        CO2 is stored on acids until daytime
      - Examples of plants that use this
        
        Grapes, cacti, orchids, and agaves
  - - - Light intensity or brightness
    - - The number of hours sunlight is available
    - - Colors of wavelengths the light contains