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urban issues and challenges (uk cities (upland is sparsely populated …
urban issues and challenges
urbanisation
urbanisation = growth in proportion of countries population living in urban areas
50% world pop in urban areas
HICs more developed
happened earlier during industrail revolution
most pop live in urban
slow rates of urban growth
better QoL so move away from croded cities
good transport networks - commute to work
LICs less economically developed
fastest rates of urbanistation
not many people live there
NEEs rapid development
percentage varies
caused by rural urban migration
movement of people from countryside to cities
rate affected by push and pull factors
push
natural disasters - damage property not afford to repair
mechanisation - farms need fewer workers so fewer jobs
desertification - unproductive land so not support lives
conflict
pull
more jobs with better pay
health care and education access
join family
better QoL
caused by natural increase
birth rate higher than death rate
young people move to find work
have children
increase proportion
better healthcare = live longer
megacities (over 10 million people)
34 megacities - over 2/3 in LICs and NEEs
urban growth
LICs and NEEs
opportunities
social
access to services
access to resources
eg clean water and electricity
economic
industrial areas increase economic development
more jobs and better wages
manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed on the international market - wealthier
challenges
social and economic
squatter settlements (slums) built illegally by poor
badly built and overcrowded
don't have basic services
poor health - unclean conditions
not sufficient education - don't have skills for better jobs
long hours little pay
high unemployment and crime
environmental
waste disposal can't keep pace with growth
air pollution - factories and exhaust fumes
sewage + toxic chemicals into rivers - harm wildlife
congestion crease greenhouse gas emissions
makoko
lagos
city in Nigeria (NEE)
richest ountry in africa
population 21 million
national capital till 1991
main financial centre in west Africa
275,000 + migrants every year
urban sprawl
natural increase
opportunities
social
better services and resources
more healthcare + medicines
68% secondary education
40% not attend primary in rural
electricity - cooking, light, businesses
water treatment plants = safe water
economic
move to city for jobs
construction jobs due to rapid growth
banks. government, manufacturing
fishing industry with 2 major ports
nollywood - film and music
challenges
social (makoko)
20,000 people per km2
60% in slums
houses = flimsy wooden huts
1 primary school - can't afford
communal toilets - 15 houses
lagoon - raw sewage and rubbish = health issues
communal water (3km away)
illegal electricity connections get cut
high crime - self policed by area boys
environmental
40% rubbish collected
large rubbish dumps = toxic waste
factory waste + emissions not controlled = air + water pollution
congestion - 2 hr commute
economic
not enough formal jobs for all migrants
scavenge in rubbish dump
uk cities
upland is sparsely populated
difficult to farm
few nautral resources
difficult to transport
coastal areas attract settlement
sheltered bays
estuaries for building harbours
easy transport
key ports = major cities
london is uks biggest city
8.6 million / 10% population
mineral wealth
where industries developed
eg coalfields
urban areas mainly develop in lowlands
easy to build on and transport
milder climate
central business district (CBD)
middle of town
main public buildings and stations
surrounded by ring road
inner city
mainly residential
businesses and parks
short, parallel roads - terraced houses
suburbs
towards city edge
mainly residential - semi detatched
short, curved streets
rural urban fringe
farmland
housing developments
retail parks
white spaces and built up areas
change in UK cities
industrial revolution - maufacturing industries
and rapid urbanisation
industrial decline - relocated
people moved to suburbs
regeneration projects
opportunities
immigrants attracted by low price in centre - multicultural
redevelopment - new investments
CBDs - offices and entertainment
congestion problems = innovative transport schemes
green space
challenges
industrial decline - places derelict + target for crime
deprived areas - poor access to healthcare, education, jobs
provides brownfield sites - new developments
high demand = estates of greenfield sites
rural urban fringe under pressure
business parks + shopping centres
transport links, lower cost
london docklands
notting hill
sustainable urban living
sustainable living = meeting current demand without reducing the ability of people in the future to meet their needs
water conservation
taken from the environment as it is naturally replaced
collect rainwater - flush toilets + gardens
toilets using less water to flush
water meters
energy conservation
renewable energy resources
government incentives - sell external energy to national grid
new homes = energy efficiency requirements
creating green spaces
naturally cooler areas - relax in hot weather
encourage exercise + alternative transport
= less stress + healthier
break from noise
reduce risk of flooding
reduce surface run off
reduce air pollution
pockets of clean air
waste recycling
fewer resources used
less waste goes to landfill
collection of household recycling
recycling facilities
websites for second hand items
traffic management
congestion
travel to work + business trucks
air pollution - greenhouse gases
late for work, delay deliveries
companies lose money
increase accidents, frustration
delay emergency vehicles
public transport
docklands light railway (DCLR)
east london with cities
110 million people each year
undergorund
3 million passengers every day
crossrail - increase rail capacity by 10%
self service bikes
cheaper
bike lanes and signals
oyster cards
travel without buying separate tickets
automatic top up, easy to use
park and ride
traffic flow managed
ring roads - traffic away from centre
pedestrianised shopping streets - safer
and less polluted
bus priority lanes - more attractive
parking restrictions
congestion charges in city centre
car sharing - carpool lanes
flexible working hours - spread traffic