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CELL BIOLOGY - TOPIC 1 (Cells (Sub-cellular Structures (nucleus (contains…

- - - - animal cells
      - plant cells
        
        have all the things animal cells do + a few more
  - - - contains genetic material that controls the cell's activity
    - - where most reactions for aerobic respiration take place
    - - gel-like substance that contains enzymes so many chemical reactions happen
    - - holds cell together and controls what goes in and out
    - - where proteins are made
    - - made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it
    - - these are where photosynthesis takes place, making food for the plant
        
        contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light for photosynthesis
    - - contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
- - - - use light and lenses to magnify
      - can only see large sub cellular structures like nuclei
    - - use electrons and have a higher magnification and resolution
      - can see tiny things like plasmids or ribosomes
- - - - it has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
      - there are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy
    - - carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
      - the cells are long to cover more distance
      - have branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network
    - - the function of a muscle cell is to contract quickly
      - they are long so they have space to contract and contain mitochondria for energy
    - - cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long 'hairs' that stick out into the soil
      - gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
    - - Xylem and Phloem cells make xylem and phloem tubes which transport substances such as food and water around plants
      - xylem cells are hollow and phloem have very few sub cellular structures, so stuff can flow through them
- - - - the concentration gradient - the higher, the quicker the rate of diffusion
      - temperature - the higher, the more energy the particles will have
      - surface area of cell membrane - the greater, the faster