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Structure and Bonding (States (Liquids (Particles are in close contact,…

- - - - Brittle
        
        When the layers of ions slide past each other, due to the alternating pattern, like charges line up and the crystal shatters
      - Soluble in Polar Solvents
        
        Many ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents, as the solvent has one end that is negatively charged and another positively charged. These can attract the opposite ions and overcome the electrostatic forces. Ionic compounds are insoluble in non-polar substances
      - Hard
        
        Strong electrostatic attraction means the bonds require a large force to be overcome
      - Electrical Insulators as Solids
        
        In electricity conduction, charged particles must move around, however, when solid the ions cannot move around and hence are unable to conduct electricity.
      - High Melting and Boiling Points
        
        Ionic compounds have a giant structure, with strong electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions
      - Electrical Conductors when Molten or in Solution
        
        When an ionic is melted, or in solution, the ions are free to move around, and the presence of free-moving charged particles allows the liquid or solution to conduct electricity, although the substance is already broken down into elements by the current
  - - - Malleable
        
        The layers of metal ions can easily slide over each other without disrupting the metallic bonding
      - Electrical Conductors
        
        The sea of delocalised electrons is free to move around, and carry a charge, therefore conducting electricity
      - High melting and boiling point, high tensile strength
        
        Metals have a giant structure, with strong electrostatic attraction between the delocalised electrons and the positive metal ions. These electrostatic attractions require strong forces or large amounts of energy to overcome
  - - - Properties
        
        Electrical Insulators
        
        There are no ions present, as all the electrons are fixed to particular atoms, meaning that current cannot pass through due to the lack of movement of charged particles
        
        Low melting and boiling points
        
        Although the covalent bonds are very strong, when boiling a substance only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction need to be overcome
        
        Soluble in Non-polar solvents
        
        As covalent substances do not contain ions, they dissolve better in non-polar solvents
        
        Soft
        
        To break a substance only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction need to be overcome, not the strong covalent bonds
    - - Graphite
        
        Properties
        
        Soft
        
        Only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction need to be overcome to break it, not the strong covalent bonds
        
        Insoluble in all Solvents
        
        Dissolving a giant covalent structure compound would require strong covalent bonds, which no solvent can do
        
        Electrical Conductors
        
        Each carbon atom only has three bonds, meaning there are electrons that are delocalised and able to carry charge
        
        High Sublimation Temperature
        
        To break down the giant structure, it is required to break the strong covalent bonds. This results in single carbon atoms, meaning it goes straight to a gas
        
        Uses
        
        Lubricating oils, pencil lead, the weal forces between the hexagonal layers allow it to rub off easily
      - Diamond
        
        Properties
        
        Hard
        
        The strong covalent bonds need to be overcome, requiring a large amount of force
        
        Insoluble in all Solvents
        
        Dissolving a giant covalent structure compound would require strong covalent bonds, which no solvent can do
        
        Electrical Insulators
        
        Each carbon atom has four bonds, meaning that no electrons are free to move and carry charge
        
        High Sublimation Temperature
        
        To break down the giant structure, it is required to break the strong covalent bonds. This results in single carbon atoms, meaning it goes straight to a gas
        
        Uses
        
        Coating saw blades and drill bits, the extra hardness allows it to cut through any substance