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Neuroscience Introduction (Endocrine System- (., Parasympathetic Nervous…
Neuroscience Introduction
Neuroscience
The scientific study of the brain and the rest of the nervous system
Neuron
Neurons: Cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: Processes nutrients and provides energy for neuron.
NUCLEUS: Contains chromosomes.
DENDRITES: Receive information from other neurons and sensory receptors.
NODES of RANVIER: Are gaps in the myelin sheath
MYELIN SHEATH: Insulates axon and increases communication speed.
AXON: Carries information to other neurons,muscles, and glands.
Neuron Communications
Action potential- produced by the movement of electrically charged particles, called ions, across the membrane of the axon.
Stimulus threshold - The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.
Resting potential - The state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation.
The point of communication between two neurons is called the SYNAPSE.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron.
Acetylcholine- Learning, memory Muscle contractions.
Dopamine- Movement Thought processes Rewarding sensations.
Serotonin- Emotional states ,sleep, Sensory perception.
Norepinephrine- Physical arousal Learning, memory regulation of sleep.
Glutamate- Excitatory messages.
GABA- Inhibitory messages.
Endorphins- Pain perception Positive emotions.
Endocrine System-
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
- The branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body's physical resources.
Endocrine System-
The system of glands, located throughout the body, that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
The Endocrine system is made up of glands that are located throughout the body
Hormones
- Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland- The endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secrets hormones affecting the functions of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes.
Oxytocin- Hormone involved in reproduction, social motivation, and social behavior.
Adrenal Glands- The pair of endocrine glands that are involved in the human stress response.
Gonads- The endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive processes; ovaries in females and testes in males.
A Guided Tour of the Brain
Positron emission tomography scan
- An imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brains use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug.
Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
- A noninvasive imaging technique that produces highly detailed images of the body's structures and tissues, using electromagnetic signals generated by the body in response to magnetic fields.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)-
A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels.
Diffusion MRI(dMRI)- A noninvasive imaging technique that maps neural connections in the brain by tracking the movement of water molecules.