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Testicle shrinkage on a 22 year old body builder resulting from abusing…
Testicle shrinkage on a 22 year old body builder resulting from abusing anabolic steroids.
Downstream
Longterm Use can result in
Shrinking testicles
appearance of breasts
enlarged heart
Kidney failure
Liver Damage
hypertension
Decreased sperm count
decrease sex drive
What happens if he stops using steroids?
Testis won't recover fully
Long process to recover
permanently reduced sperm count
lower testosterone level
withdrawals
mood disorders
insomnia
fatigue
headache
muscle and joint pain
Treatment:
Alternative drugs to help increase testosrone
Therapies
Endocrine System
General Functions
Regulating development, growth and metabolism
Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
Controlling digestive process
controlling reproductive activities
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalmus
third ventricle
Pituitary Gland
sella turcica
anterior and posterior pituitary
Thyroid Gland
inferior to larynx
Parathyroid
posterior of thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
superior to kidneys (sit on top)
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Thymus Gland
posterior to sternum
Ovaries
pelvic cavity of female
Testes
outside pelvic cavity of male
pineal gland
located in the 3rd ventricle
Pancreas
posterior of stomach
Endocrine glands, Hormones & Functions
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
Prolactin
(PRL)
Breast (mammary glands)
regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females ; function not fully known in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovary; testis
induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle; controls testosterone synthesis within testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH
)
Ovary; testis
Controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle within ovaries; controls development of sperm within testes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Adrenal Cortex
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (cortisol)
Growth hormone (GH)
Liver; skeleton'; muscle; all cells
release of insulin-like growth factors from liver ; GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth
Pineal gland
Melatonin
brain
helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms (biological clock)
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormones
T3 - Triiofothyronine
all cells
T4 - Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
all cells
increase metabolic rate of all cells
increase heat production
Calcitonin
bone; kidney
decreases blood calcium levels; most significant in children
Hypothalamus
Regulatory hormones
anterior pituitary
control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Primary Target: kidney, blood vessels
decrease urine output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when body is dehydrated
Vasoconstrictor aka vasopressin
oxytocin
breast (mammary glands) ; brain
contraction of smooth muscle uterus
increasing feelings of emotional bonding
Thymus
Thymosin, Thylumin, thymopoietin
T-lymphocytes (type of white blood cell)
Maturation of T-lymphocytes (type of white blood cell or leukocyte)
Heart
Pancreas
Insulin
liver; adipose connective tissue; most body cells
decreases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
liver; adipose connective tissue
increases blood glucose levels
Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
kidney
regulate blood Na+ and k+ levels by decreasing the Na+ and increasing the K+ excreted urine
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
liver; adipose connective tissue; all cells
stress response; increase nutrients that are available in the blood
Gonadocorticoids
(dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
various body cells
stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)
various body cells
prolong effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Testes (males)
Testosterone
Reproductive organs; various body cells
Stimulates maturation and function & reproductive system
Inhibin
Anterior Pituitary
Inhibits release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary
Ovaries (female)
Estrogen and progesterone
Reproductive organs; various body cells
inhibin
anterior pituitary
release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary
Parathyroid
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
bone tissue; kidney
increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue and decrease loss of calcium in urine
Formation of calcitriol- increases calcium absorption from small intestine
2 Major types of hormones
Lipid Soluble Hormones
Non-polar
lipophilic
Steroids
able to diffuse accross the plasma mebrane
Hormone binds to intracellular receptors located in either the cytosol or nucleus to form a hormone-receptor complex
hormones enter a cell & cause the formation of new protein
hormone receptor formed within the target cell then binds to particular DNA sequence in regions of hormone response elements
Binds to DNA resulting in transcription of mRNA
mRNA synthesizes to ribosomes
calcitriol
Water Soluble
proteins
biogenic amines, except thyroid hormone
polar molecules (unable to cross the plasma membrane)
Hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor resulting in signal transduction pathway
First messenger: hormone is signaling molecule
Second messenger: binding receptor results in different molecule within the cell modifying it through cellular activity
Adenylate Cylase Activity and Phospholipase
Release of cellular secretions (ex: testoserone released from the testes)
upstream
anabolic steroid injection
treat steroid hormone defifiency
increases testosterone levels
testicular shrinkage
high levels of testosterone in the blood
preventing GnRH secretion
no release of luteinizing hormone
Resulting in the testes unable to secrete testesterone
Appearance and muscle mass
Hormonal Pathway
Hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland
pituitary gland to release gonadotrophic substances (follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone)
Testicles are stimulated by LH to produce testosterone
Feedback loop
negative feedback
occurs with the rising levels of testosterone