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22 y/o male bodybuilder testicular shrinkage uses steroids (Background…
22 y/o male bodybuilder
testicular shrinkage
uses steroids
Upstream Causes
Indirect
Is a body builder
How often injected
Dosage of injections
Direct
Anabolic Steroid Injections
His hormones are changing and over producing and others are under producing
He thinks using steroids will help him build more muscle mass
His bone and muscle mass may become too big and cause problems with joints
Positive feedback loop and he has up regulation
Downstream Effects
Indirect
Stops using steroid injections
Withdrawal
Headache
Fever
Difficulty sleeping
Anxiety
Vomiting
Nausea
Inflammation
Weight gain
Person may need to exercise more
weight loss
Blood Pressure changes
Direct
If continued use...
Kidney Problems
Cause protein leakage into the urine and reduce the kidney functions
Reproductive system
Interfere with hormones that signal the production of sperm
Heart problems
Damages the heart muscles not allowing the heart to pump blood throughout the entire body
Metabolism
Alter the body's electrolyte balances and water balances
also, the way it uses lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and glucose
Hair loss
Heightens production levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which causes the hair follicle to die at the root and never grow back
Background Information
Functions of Endocrine system
Regulate activity of cells
Regulate activity of organs
Secrete hormones
Regulates body's growth
Produce hormones
Metabolism
Sexual development and function
Hormones and target cells
Glucocorticoids
Target Cells: Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release corticotropin (ACTH)
Mineralocorticoids
Target Cells: Distal tubule of the kidney which stimulates the exchange of sodium and potassium
Pathway
Hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland
Pituitary gland releases gonadotropic substance (FSH and LH)
LH stimulates the production of testosterone
Down regulations
The number of receptors decrease due to too much exposure to some hormones
Major glands, hormones, and functions
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates calcium levels in the blood and increases them when they are low
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates gonadotropic cells in anterior pituitary to tell FSH and luteinizing hormone to release
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Stimulate the production of ACTH
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
A peptide hormone that inhibits many hormones from releasing
Oxytocin
Contract the womb and allow lactation
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Stimulate the pituitary to produce and release growth hormone in the bloodstream
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Master regulator of the thyroid gland growth and function
Adrenal
Cortisol
Controls blood sugar levels, regulates metabolism, and even assists with memory formulation
Androstendione
Increases the production of testosterone, enhance recovery growth, and increases sexual drive
Aldosterone
Allow kidneys to manage water, sodium, and potassium
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Helps produce testosterone and estrogen
Norepinephrine (NE)
Triggers the release of glucose from energy stores
Epinephrine (E)
Adrenaline and increases heart rate and blood pressure
Pituitary
Luteinising hormone (LH)
In females, stimulates ovulation
In males, stimulates the synthesis of androgen
Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)
Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in women
Stimulates sperm production in men
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T4
Growth hormone (GH)
Controls growth, cell regeneration, and cell reproduction
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Regulates the level os cortisol in the body
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Stimulates the production of melanin
Thyroid
Triiodothyronine (T4)
Aids in growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate
Calcitonin
Regulates levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood
Thyroxine (T3)
Helps maintain bones, heart and muscle function, and even digestion
Pineal
Melatonin
Sleep cycle
Testes
Testosterone
Regulate sex drive, bone and muscle mass, fat distribution, and the production of sperm
Inhibin
inhibits the production of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Ovaries
Progesterone
Regulates menstrual cycle and prepares your body for conception
Relaxin
Relaxes ligaments in pelvis and softens and widens the cervix
Estrogen
Development of female secondary sex characterizations and controls the growth of the uterine lining
Up regulations
The number of receptors increase in response to rising hormone level, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone
Feedback loops
Positive
A change in given direction causes another change in the came direction (chain reaction)
Negative
A change in given direction causes another change in the opposite direction (allow self stabilization)