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22 year old male with steroid issue and testicle shrinkage (Major Glands…
22 year old male with steroid issue and testicle shrinkage
testicles shrink
increased testosterone levels from steroid
injection of anabolic steroids
decreases growth of body hair, muscle, bone mass, testes and the prostate
what is effected if the role of testosterone is altered by steroids?
increase lean muscle mass, strength building, believe it induces faster muscle recovery, decrease in fat, increase confidence (aka wanting to look good)
Why people abuse anabolic steroids
Functions of the endocrine system
metabolism
growth and development
sexual function and reproduction
heart rate
blood pressure
body temperature
sleep cycle
Hormones
lipid soluble
can diffuse through plasma membrane
bings to intracellular receptors to form hormone-receptor complex
hormone-receptor complex binds to a hormone-response element
water soluble
cannot cross the plasma membrane
binds to plasma membrane receptor; initiating a signal transduction pathway
receptor activates G protein
Major Glands
posterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone/Prolactin/Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)/Luteinizing Hormone (LH)/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)/Growth Hormone(GH)
stimulates thyroid gland to release hormones/milk production/controls development in ovaries and testes/ovulation and testosterone/stimulates adrenal cortex/induce growth
anterior pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Oxytocin
Decrease urine output and increase fluid intake of kidneys/ contraction of smooth muscles of uterus, ejection of milk, and emotional bonds
pineal gland
melatonin
regulates your body's biological clock by inducing sleep
thyroid gland
T3/T4/Calcitonin
increase metabolic rate/decrease blood calcium levels
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormones
increase blood calcium levels
thymus
Thymosin/Thymulin/Thyomyopoietin
Maturation of t-lymphocytes
adrenal cortex
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)/Glucocorticoids (cortisol)/Gonadocorticoids
Decrease Na and increase K in urine/stress response/maturation and function of reproductive system
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
prolong effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
pancreas
Insulin/Glucagon
decrease blood glucose levels/increases blood glucose levels
testes
Testosterone/Inhibin
maturation of male reproductive system/release of FSH
ovaries
Estrogen and Progesterone/Inhibin
maturation of female reproductive system
heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide
decrease blood pressure
kidneys
Erythropoietin
increases production of red blood cells
liver
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF's)
works with growth hormone to regulate growth
Pathway from Hypothalamus to testes
1.GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding proteins
It then ends up in the testes where testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH secretion
rising sperm count levels cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin, which further inhibits FSH secretion
Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sexual sex characteristics
testes can't secrete testosterone
pituitary gland doesn't release LH
inhibits GnRH secretion
high levels of testosterone in the blood
injecting anabolic steroids
Feedback loops
Feedback loops are the process of when a change to the system results in an alarm which will trigger a certain result. This lets the body know to increase or decrease the change to maintain homeostasis.
Up/Down regulation
up-regulation
when target cells increase the number of receptors; which also increases the cell sensitivity to a hormone
in response to reduced hormone concentration in the blood
down-regulation
when a target cell decreases the number of receptors; which reduces the cell sensitivity to a hormone
in response to elevated hormone concentration in the blood
continued use of anabolic steroids
kidney problems or failure
protein leakage into the urine and severe reductions in kidney function.
liver damage and tumors
can start with cholestasis; where bile cannot get to where it needs to go and leaks out into the blood
enlarged heart/high blood pressure/changes in blood cholesterol, all of which increase the risk of stroke and heart attack
enlargement and thickening can occur in the left ventricle, which loses its diastolic properties with the mass increase
increased risk of blood clots
steroids can cause blood clots in veins
specifically in men
shrinking testicles
testosterone levels in the blood are raised by use of anabolic steroids, the brain sends a signal to the testicles to stop producing testosterone which causes shrinking
decreased sperm count
production of sperm is a complex process and requires normal functioning of the testicles as well as the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and if one thing is wrong problems with sperm can occur
baldness
Having excess dihydrotestosterone (DHT); which puts a strain on hair and causes it to weaken over time, can result in baldness
development of breasts
males have an enzyme that converts some androgens to estrogen and in turn the estrogen plugs into receptors found in the male chest and causes the development of unwanted breast tissue
increased risk of prostate cancer
steroids can cause the enlargement of the prostate and more growth of tumors
death
stoping the use of anabolic steroids
withdrawal
fatigue
restlessness
loss of appetite
sleep problems
decreased sex drive
steroid cravings