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Henry VII (Finance (Feudal obligations (1487 - under £350 p.a, 1494 - over…

- - - - reduced to £30 000
    - - same amount for each county raised but amount paid by taxpayers would be assessed by wealth
  - - - complex, honest and reliable but very slow
    - - directly under Henry's control
      - used surveyors, receivers and auditors
      - money immediately available to use
      - end of reign, 80% of revenue went to Chamber
    - - had been Chancellor for estates of
        Duchy of Lancaster
      - helped adapt techniques to all
        income from Crown lands
- - - - Bishop John Morton
        
        Bishop of Ely by Edward IV in 1479
        
        Lord Chancellor
        
        Archbishop of Canterbury
      - Bishop Richard Fox
        
        Lord Privy Seal for 22 years
        
        Winchester, Bath & Wells, Durham
    - - John de Vere
        
        Earl of Oxford
        
        Great Chamberlain
      - Jasper, Duke of Bedford
      - Thomas Stanley
        
        Earl of Derby
        
        executed for treason in 1495
      - Thomas Grey
        
        the Marquis of Dorset
      - George Talbot
        
        Earl of Shrewsbury
      - John Dinham
        
        Lord High Treasurer from 1486 - 1501
        
        succeeded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey
      - Earl of Lincoln
      - Giles Daubeney
        
        replaced Stanley as Lord Chamberlain
  - - - dealt with poor men's causes
    - - checked income for crown lands
  - - - 1485, recognise claim to throne, granted customs
      - 1487, granted money to deal with Simnel
      - 1489, granted money for war vs France
      - 1491, granted money to fight in France
      - 1496-7, granted money to invade Scotland
      - 1504, Henry requested £90 000 to pay Philip, only granted
        £30 000
    - - more important
      - met in a room in royal palace of Westminster
    - - met in chapter house of Westminster Abbey
      - 2 members elected to represent each county
      - electorate wealthy people
      - MPs local gentry
      - King nominated Speaker
    - - granted King permission to collect customs duties (tunnage and poundage)
      - give assent to royal laws
        
        Statute Law highest form of law
      - grant taxes (fifteenths and tenths)
        
        raised £30 000
  - - - Henry enacting on those
        who could read
    - - Henry ruled this couldn't be
        claimed in treason cases
    - - 14th century statutes forbidding acknowledgement of foreign power above the King
      - used this statute to undo decision of a Church
      - penalty was life imprisonment / loss of property
  - - - local officials
      - 18 per county
      - maintained law and order
      - implemented laws
      - appointed annually
      - directly responsible to the king
      - appointed from ranks of clergy and lesser landowners
      - dependent on:
        
        high constables for every hundred
        
        petty constables for every parish
    - - to weaken power of great landowners
      - to reduce influence of overmighty subjects
      - reduce perversion of local justice
  - - - released Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland to serve as Lord Lieutenant with Lord Dacre as Warden of the Western Marches
      - 1489, Henry appointed Earl of Surrey to run the North
      - council to address oppression of the poor by the rich
      - council only concentrated on Yorkshire and Northumberland
    - - consisted of the Principality and 45 Marcher Lordships
      - Jasper Tudor appointed Chief Justice of Wales and Constable of all castles
      - 1493, Prince Arthur given possession
      - 1502, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield appointed president
    - - ran by a Lord Deputy
        
        only had £900 a year and garrison of 300-400 soldiers
        
        used Irish Lords as Lord Deputy
        
        1485, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare elected
      - England only had control of the Pale
      - 1487, Kildare crowned Simnel king
      - 1494, Henry appointed Poynings as Deputy
        
        Poyning's Law
        
        forbade holding any parliament in Ireland without consent of King
        
        forbade parliament to consider a law that had not been approved by the King
        
        English laws were to be obeyed in Ireland
        
        parliament voted new subsidy and new customs
- - - - to ensure members of the League wouldn't support Yorkist claimants to the throne
- - - - 1488-89, Henry came to diplomatic agreements with Brittany, Spain and Burgundy to create anti-French alliance
      - 1488 - French forces defeated Bretons at St Aubin du Corbier
    - - Henry agreed to send 6 000 troops to defend Brittany
      - Anne agreed to pay for English troops
    - - Henry would provide 3 000 troops to help Maximilian's garrison besieged by French
      - Maximilian would provide troops to help Bretons
    - - Henry and Spain agreeing to attack France
      - England wanting to recover Normandy and Aquitaine
      - 1493, Spain recovered the Pyrenees
      - Catherine of Aragon to marry Prince Arthur
    - - forced Anne to marry Charles
      - Brittany part of France
      - 1492, Charles VIII welcomed Warbeck to the French court
    - - France agreed to give Henry financial compensation for cost of campaign
        
        pension of £12 500 a year for 15 years
      - England removed all troops from French soil
      - England acknowledged that Brittany was part of France
      - France would not aid any rebels against Henry
  - - - wars distracted foreign powers from helping Perkin Warbeck
      - turned France and Spain against each other
      - 1495 - Spain, the Pope, Milan, Venice and Maximilian formed Holy League
    - - Philip of Burgundy and Maximilian signed with England
      - English could sell goods in all Philip's lands except Flanders
      - would receive impartial justice
    - - formalised in 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace
      - neither Scotland or England would support claimants to the other's throne
      - Margaret would marry James
  - - - Ferdinand signing Treaty of Blois in 1505 with France
      - Philip of Burgundy shipwrecked in England
      - Henry hoped to create anti-Spanish
        alliance to isolate Ferdinand
        
        prepared revoked Malus Intercursus
    - - anti-Venice alliance of French and Maximilian
      - initially didn't have Spain = Henry happy
        
        Ferdinand added Spain to avoid siding with Venice
  - - - France had invaded Brittany in 1487 and Henry needed to demonstrate his support for the Bretons
    - - Henry VII is able to enhance his dynastic recognition through an alliance with Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, the latter marrying Anne of Brittany by proxy (not legally binding).
    - - Henry did not improved trade per se, but he does enhance the English financial system. Charles VIII compensated Henry for the cost of launching an invasion and provided him with a pension in accordance with the 1492 Treaty of Etaples.
  - - - England’s exports went through the Netherlands, which came under Burgundy. Important for commercial reasons for good relations to be maintained.
        Relations dete
      - Relations deteriorated when Philip and Maximilian were welcoming to Perkin Warbeck
      - 1495, Holy League: Spain, the Pope, Milan, Venice and Maximilian, Henry (from 1496) formed against France. Believed to be dangerous to exclude Henry especially since France was offering Henry to help defeat Warbeck
    - - Treaty of Windsor in 1506, Henry secured stronger relationship with Philip of Burgundy
      - Treaty of Dordrecht in February 1489:
        Alliance with Maximilian (Holy Roman Emperor)
    - - Henry prepared to sacrifice the commercial interests of London & east-coast merchants to put an embargo to Burgundy
      - 1496, Intercursus Magnus brought trade embargo to an end - agreed by Philip and Henry
      - death of Isabella, Queen of Castile, resulted in the Treaty of Windsor (Intercursus Malus)
  - - - Spain’s national security was compromised in the 15th century as they were attempting to rid themselves of the North African Moors who had started the reconquista in Granada in 1482
      - Spain agreed with the UK not to harbour rebels or pretenders with mutual protection in the event of an attack.
    - - The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragorn and Isabella of Castile brought the two kingdoms together
      - Spain’s King Ferdinand had inherited a claim to the Italian city state of Naples.
    - - Spain was expanding westward into South America where their main finds and imports were gold and sugar.
  - - - Despite the treaty of perpetual peace, border raids were still very frequent and there remained bitterness
      - Scotland was part of of the auld alliance, which was anti-English dating back to 1295
      - Perkin Warbeck was welcomed into Scotland by James IV and married Lady Catherine Gordon (James IV’s cousin)
    - - Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret, was born in November 1489, making her an obvious match for James IV of Scotland.
      - 1492, Earl of Angus re-established control and a 9-year-long truce was signed in 1493
      - Warbeck’s departure from Scotland in July 1497 allowed James IV to sign the Treaty of Ayton in September 1497 with Henry VII
      - 1502, the ‘Treaty of Perpetual Peace’ was signed
        
        Truce was extended
        
        Marriage of Margaret and James would take place in August 1503
        
        Franco-Scottish alliance continued (The Auld Alliance)
    - - Trade was difficult with Scotland as there was a lot of lawlessness and disagreement between the British and the Scots
      - Scotland and France had good trade links which made them good allies which initially could be a massive threat against england
      - Treaty of Perpetual Peace was less successful: Borders raids continued and James IV continued to expand his navy, leading to strained relations between the two countries
- - - - able to influence royalty
      - only remained powerful if supported monarch
  - - - sparked by parliamentary tax in 1489
      - Earl of Northumberland murdered by rebels in North Riding of Yorkshire in April
      - Northumberland retainers enabled tenants to murder him
      - murder viewed as punishment for deserting Richard III
    - - sparked by demand of extraordinary revenue to finance campaign against Scotland
      - 15 000 people involved
      - attempted to exploit the rebellion made by Perkin Warbeck
      - rebels marched to London
      - Henry withdrew Lord Daubeney and troops from defending Scottish border
      - rebel leaders, including peer Lord Audley, were executed
      - Rebellion shocked Henry into ensuring Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased
- - - - head of a substantial state in northern Italy
      - wielded spiritual power
      - God's representative
    - - John Morton exercised most power under Henry VII
      - most powerful archbishoprics of England
    - - had 17 dioceses between them
      - Winchester and Durham dioceses had considerable wealth
    - - would perform the sacrament of Holy Communion (Eucharist)
  - - - funded interior design
      - paid for objects that accompanied services
    - - chantries financed from property bequeathed in will
      - Eamon Duffy: "the central function of a chantry priest was intercession for the soul of his patron"
    - - lay people joined via clergy
      - wealthier guilds sourced from local patronage and power
      - some ran schools and almshouses
    - - could involve visiting a holy site
  - - - started Bible translation movement
      - influenced by nominalism, theory of communism and William Langland
      - Believed:
        
        universals more important
        than individuals
        
        things in common more valuable
        than individuals
        
        Avion Papersy - moving
        papersy to France
        
        individual should reflect
        on Christianity
      - John of Gaunt
        
        wanted to put pressure on Church for Hundred Years War
        
        wanted to reduce papersy
        
        believed in theory of derinium
        
        Richard II under aid of John of
        Gaunt = council important
      - Nobility supported Wyclif - believed wicked clerics in church
      - Peasants' Revolt 1381
        
        social and political revolt - religiously charged
        
        rebels converged in London - 13th June
        
        Wyclif symbol of community
        
        chopped head of the Archbishop of Canterbury
        
        no evidence Wyclif organised revolt
    - - Wyclif Bible important to Lollards
      - read scriptures in English
      - Gospel of Matty often read
      - Bristol and Northampton - warly centres of Lollards
      - Uprisings of governments in Bohemia
      - 1415 - general council at Constance
        
        purpose to end cism with 2-3 Popes
      - 45 - 267 conclusions condemned
      - Protesting
        
        taking money from rich monasteries
        
        Church burned first heretics in 1401
        
        audacious attempts continued
        
        1414 - rebellion causes higher status nobles to flee
        
        Lord Cobham, friend of Prince of Wales, Henry V
        
        interest in Wyclif in conviction in Arundel
        
        rebellion of 300 men
  - - - promoted belief that medieval culture was obsolete
      - promoted studies of classical literature and vernacular languages
    - - promoted the neo-platism movement
      - took Plato's ideas and joined with Catholicism
      - man represented link between spiritual and material realms
    - - 53 new grammar schools founded 1460 - 1509
      - Magdalen College School, Oxford
        began humanism approach
    - - Bishop's Stortford in Hertfordshire, 1490
      - mystery plays
        
        performed on holy days
        
        based on morality
    - - 1502, Henry VII approved architectural type
        for Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey
      - William Caxton established printing press in 1478