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Endocrine system: 22 yr male with testicular shrinkage (Major endocrine…
Endocrine system: 22 yr male with testicular shrinkage
injection of anabolic steroids
increased production of testosterone
inhibits GnRH production,
reducing sensitivity to anterior pituitary for FSH and LH
low testosterone production
negative feedback on cycle
caused by down regulation
hypogonadism caused by hormones stopping production in thinking the steroids are producing what the body needs
increased libido
increase in sperm production
continued use
androgen deficiency
tiredness, depression an decreased libido
gynecomastia
painful enlargement of breast
testicular atrophy
Polycythemia
stroke/heart attacks
hypertension
blood clots
sexual dysfunction
not being able to obtain an erection
discontinuation
sudden withdrawal symptoms
muscle aches, joint pain, weight loss
decreased sex drive, trouble concentrating
headache, nausea, fatigue
tappering off
healthier and safer, little to no complications
long term
hormone therapy
body dysmorphic disorder; antidepressants
Bodybuilding
fat loss and muscle gain
better body apperance
Endocrine System
homeostasis of blood composition and volume
digestive processes
development, growth, metabolism
reproductive activities
Hormones types
Lipid soluble
diffuse plasma membrane and bind to mRNA to create new protein
Water soluble
binds to a plasma membrane receptor
initiates signal transduction pathway
growth through cellular division
release of cellular secretion
changes in membrane permeability to effect a reaction
Pathway of hormones for testes
hypothalamus releases GnRH to anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary cells called gonadotropins release FSH and LH
FSH and LH act on testes to regulate the development of sperm and release of testosterone
Major endocrine glands
Andenohypophysis
Prolactine: release of milk from mammary glands
Follicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormone: controls secondary sex characteristics from ovaries and testes
Growth hormone: liver to release IGFs and most other cells to induce growth
Adrenocorticotropic: adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods
Thyroid stimulating hormone: release of thyroid hormone from thyroid
Pineal Gland
Melatonin: regulate circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone: Stimulates kidneys to decrease urine output and increase fluid intake
Oxytocin: contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus and mammary glands
Thyroid gland
Calcitonin: decrease calcium levels in bone and kidney
T3/T4: increase metabolic rate of all cells
Parathyroid
parathyroid hormone: increase blood calcium level and formation of calcitriol
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids: decreases sodium and increasing potassium in urine.
Glucocorticoids: stress response by regulating nutrients
Gonadocortiocoids: androgens for reproductive system
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine/ norepinephrine
Feedback loops
Up-regulation
An increase in cell receptors to increase sensitivity to a hormone
in response to decreased hormone concentration in the blood
Down-regulation
A decrease in cell receptors to reduce sensitivity to a hormone
in response to elevated hormones in the blood