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4.2 Factors that affect population growth (Fertility (TFR (Total Fertility…
4.2 Factors that affect population growth
Fertility
Population Change = fertility - mortality
population growth is affected by fertility, mortality and migration
TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
the average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a certain population
the global TFR has dropped from 5.0 to 2.5 from 1965 to 2015
TFR is higher in less developed nations
Africas TFR is 4.7, double the world standard Africa is the poorest continent,
importance of children in the work force as child labor
the high cost of educating and raising a child
lack of pension systems
high infant mortality rate
stricter religious and cultural norms
lack of birth control
average age of starting a family is lower
lower educational and employment opportunities for women
to maintain the world population stable would have to be of 2 to replace the couple that made them.
Mortality
mortality rates are declining
more people live longer and fewer infants die
better nutrition
larger food supplies and improvement in distribution
Improved sanitation
cleaner water
better waste disposal systems
medical advances
immunization and antibiotics
life expectancy is a useful indicator of the overall health of the society
Life expectancy: the average amount of years that a person is expected to live
between 1965 and 2015, life expectancy changed from 48 to 71
japan is the country with the highest life expectancy with 84 years
sierra leone has the lowest with 50.1
the USA is ranked 31st in life expectancy
Honduras is 77th
Women have higher life expectancy than men
less stress
less likely to be involved in a war
less likely to be involved in accidents in industries such as mining
less involvement in gangs and street violence
less likely to use harmful substances
Infant mortality rate
the number of babys out of 1000 that die before their first birthday
considered as one of the best indicators of societies life quality
a high m\infant mortality rate can indicate malnutrition and diseases
IMRs are declining
between 1900 and 2015, it has decreased from 165 to 6
4 million children die of preventable causes
Migration
reasons why people can migrate
jobs / economic security
freedom from persecution
war
ethnic conflicts
political
environmental
water or food shortage
flooding
erosion
Population Crashes
the great Chinese famine
from 1958 to 1961, 30 million dead
The bubonic plague
in europe on the 14th century killed 25 million humans
Irish potato blight
1 million people died from malnutrition and hunger in 1845