Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Europe Faces Revolutions (Radicals Change France (In 1830, France's…

- - - - Liberals wanted to obtain as many different German
        states into a single nation-state.
      - Other liberals located in large empires, like the Hungarians in the Austrian Empire, wanted to break away and maintain self-rule.
      - What goal did liberals in Germany and Austria have?
        The main goal for liberals both in 1848 and in 1871 was unification
      - Conflict: A disagreement, sometimes un-reconcilable, that may lead to aggressive military behavior; not everyone wanted to move to nationalism, because nation-states were just coming into the picture.
  - - - Known as Nation-State
        
        A nation-state would defend their territory and way of life. It represented their nation to the rest of the world.
        
        Europe 1815; France, England, and Spain were the only known nation-states. But eventually they would change to no longer being nation-states because nationalist movements became more and more successful.
      - Change: To make or become different; nations could now control their own government while being independent and nation-states now represented nations like France, England, and Spain, but not for long.
      - https://study.com/academy/lesson/nation-state-definition-examples-characteristics.html
- - - - Once again a Paris mob overturned a monarchy and establishes a republic.
        
        The new republican government began to fall apart almost immediately. The radicals split into factions. One side wanted only political reform. The other side also wanted social and economic reform.
        
        The differences set off bloody battles in Parisian streets.The violence turned French citizens away from the radicals. As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up later in 1848. it called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people.
        
        How were the actions of the radicals contrary to their philosophy?
        They started fighting and eventually both sides didn't get what they wanted.
  - - - Four years later, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took the title of Emperor Napoleon III.
        
        A majority of French voters accepted this action without complaint. The French were weary of instability. They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France.
        
        As France's emperor, Louis-Napoleon built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works. Gradually, because of Louis-Napoleon's policies, unemployment decreased in France, and the country experienced real prosperity.
- - - - Imperialism: The policy of extending a nation's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
    - - War: A conflict that results in military action between groups or nations.
    - - The first of Alexander's reforms was to free serfs in 1861. The removal of serfdom only went halfway though.
      - Peasant communities, not individuals, received half of the farm land in the country. Nobles kept the other half of land, the government paid for there land.
      - Peasant communities, on the other hand, had to pay the government for the land in the span of 49 years. They were legally free, but debt kept them on their lands.
        
        Were the peasants better off after the serfs were freed? Explain
        
        Moreover, while the landowners were granted financial compensation for what they gave up, the peasants had to pay for their new property.
        
        Answer: They weren't better than before, because they were given land they they were forced to pay. The officials also told the peasants had to stay on these farm lands, so they had debt from the land holding them there.
      - The political and social reforms stopped when Alexander II was assassinated, so Alexander III took over and had a tight control over the country.
      - Alexander and his minsters encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power. Nationalism was a big powering factor towards industrial expansion.
      - Nationalism drove other ethnic groups in Russia, in the 1800s, groups were uniting into nations and building industries to survive with other nation-states.
        
        Nationalism: A sentiment or sense of belonging or pride in your country
      - How did Russia’s defeat in the Crimean Warpush it toward political reform?
        
        Answer: After their lose, they wanted to change how their society works by freeing serfs from their slavery. This would change the political system by giving these newly freed people the uses that everyone else gets, but no one changes to the political and social system when Alexander II was killed.
      - Reform and Reaction