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Immune disorders: Lecture 1 (Step 2: Degranulation (mast cells…
Immune disorders: Lecture 1
immune system
essential in body's defense
Overfunction
hypersensitivity
example: allergies
autoimmune
attacks own body
if it fails you
immunodeficiency
Hypersensitivity
any response to foreign antigen the response is extended out of the normal
Types of this
Type 1- Immediate
localized reaction resulting from release of inflammation molecules in response
develop in seconds or minutes following exposure
allergens
antigens that stimulate allergies
Step 1: Sensitization to exposure
they are exposed to allergen
regulatory proteins from Type 2 helper T cells that stimulate B cells in allergic people
have high levels of IgE
hygiene hypothesis
children exposed to environment antigens are less likely to develop allergies
others say that environment factors sensitize people makes them hyper sensitized and will go on to develop allergies
Step 2: Degranulation
when allergens enters it to binds to active IgE molecules on surface of sensitized cells
binding triggers cascade of internal biochemical reactions
Rxn's causes cells to release inflammation chemicals from granules into surrounded space
degranulation releases histamines, kinins, proteases, etc.
chemicals give character symptoms of runny nose, watery eyes, reddening of skin
mast cells
relatives of white blood cells, and all throughout the body and in connective tissues
large, round, and close to the surface
cytoplasm is packed with inflammation chemicals
release kinins and proteases
destroy cells to activate complement system and causes inflammation
leukotrienes cause slow, prolonged muscle contractions, inflammation, and leaking
prostaglandins
contract smooth muscle
Histamine
stimulates strong contractions in bronchi, uterus, bladder, GI tract
causes vasodilation in small blood vessels that leads to a leaky vessel; tissues degranulate and become swollen
stimulates nerve endings that cause itchy and pain
stimulate bronchi secretion, tear formation, and salivation
Cells
Basophils
least numerous type in blood contains cytoplasmic granules that are filled with inflammation chemicals
sensitized ones bind with IgE and degranulates same as a mast cell
Eosinophils
release increase amount of leukotrienes and trigger release from bone marrow
once in bloodstream they degranulate
increase severity of hypersensitivity response