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Reformation concept map (Luther Leads the Reformation (England Becomes…
Reformation concept map
Luther Leads the Reformation
Luther Challenges the Church
The 95 Theses
Luther decided to take a public
stand against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel.
He wrote 95 Theses, or formal
statements, attacking the “pardon-merchants.”
Luther’s Teachings
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness.
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible.
The Response to Luther
The Pope’s Threat
Church officials in Rome viewed Luther simply as a
rebellious monk who needed to be punished by his superiors.
Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication
unless he took back his statements. Luther
The Emperor’s Opposition
He summoned Luther to the town of Worms (vawrmz) in 1521 to
stand trial.
Luther and his followers had become a separate religious
group, called Lutherans.
The Peasants’ Revolt
Revolt Some people began to apply Luther’s revolutionary ideas to society.
Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside
raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.
Germany at War
Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside
raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.
These protesting princes came to be known as Protestants.
Causes of the Reformation
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Others broke their priestly vows
by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled.
Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders
were corrupt.
Early Calls for Reform
Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the church
They denied that the pope had the right to
worldly power.
England Becomes Protestant
The Reformation Parliament
1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn (BUL•ihn), who was in her twen-ties.
Henry claimed some of them, such as works on English
history, for himself, but countless others were stolen
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Her efforts met with considerable resistance, and
she had many Protestants executed. When
Edward, became king when he was just
nine years old.
Henry VIII Wants a Son
When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, he
was a devout Catholic.
He wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen. Church law did not allow divorce.
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Elizabeth decided to establish a state church that moder-ate Catholics and moderate
To please Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service such
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
Some protestants pushed for Elizabeth to make more far-reaching church reforms
While colonies strengthened England economically, they did not enrich the queen directly
The Reformation Continues
Other Protestant Reformers
Women’s Role in the Reformation
once scolded a minister for
speaking harshly of another reformer.
She respected Luther’s position
but argued with him about woman’s equal role in marriage.
The Anabaptists
Viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society, both Catholics and
Protestants persecuted them.
One such group baptized only those old enough to decide to be
Christian.
The catholic reformation
Reforming Popes
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church.
Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by
faith alone, as Luther argued.
Ignatius of Loyola
followers. In 1540, the pope created a
religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus.
The
great turning point in his life came in 1521 when he was injured in a war.
Calvin Continues the Reformation
Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
In 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, asked Calvin to lead their city. When he arrived he ran the city to strict laws. (Everyone attended religion class, No one wore bright clothing, played card games, etc.)
People protested and burned religious art in churches and public places. They thought the art was idolatrous. Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke the rules.
Calvin believed that the ideal government was a
Theocracy
(a government controlled by religious leaders)
Calvinism Spreads
Followers of Knox became known as
Presbyterians
and in In the 1560s, Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion.
Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots frequently led
to violence.
John Knox was a admiring visitor to Geneva and when he returned to Scotland in 1559, Knox put Calvin’s ideas to work.
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
Taking Luther’s idea that humans cannot earn salvation, Calvin went on to say that God chooses a very few people to save. Calvin called these few the “elect.” He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. This doctrine is called
predestination
.
The religion based on
Calvin’s teachings is called Calvinism.
In 1536, Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion. This book
expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature.
The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious, Social, and Artistic Effects of the Reformation
Both catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs
The art world changed also. Protestant artists produced
fewer religious works.
Political and Intellectual Effects
The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment.
As the Catholic Church’s moral and political
authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power.