Reformation concept map
Luther Leads the Reformation
The Reformation Continues
Luther Challenges the Church
The Response to Luther
Causes of the Reformation
England Becomes Protestant
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Early Calls for Reform
Others broke their priestly vows
by marrying, and some drank to excess or gambled.
Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders
were corrupt.
Other Protestant Reformers
The catholic reformation
Calvin Continues the Reformation
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They denied that the pope had the right to
worldly power.
The Legacy of the Reformation
Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the church
The 95 Theses
Luther’s Teachings
Luther decided to take a public
stand against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel.
He wrote 95 Theses, or formal
statements, attacking the “pardon-merchants.”
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness.
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible.
Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
Calvinism Spreads
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
The Pope’s Threat
The Emperor’s Opposition
The Peasants’ Revolt
Germany at War
Women’s Role in the Reformation
The Anabaptists
Reforming Popes
Ignatius of Loyola
Church officials in Rome viewed Luther simply as a
rebellious monk who needed to be punished by his superiors.
Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication
unless he took back his statements. Luther
He summoned Luther to the town of Worms (vawrmz) in 1521 to
stand trial.
Luther and his followers had become a separate religious
group, called Lutherans.
Revolt Some people began to apply Luther’s revolutionary ideas to society.
Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside
raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.
Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside
raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.
These protesting princes came to be known as Protestants.
Religious, Social, and Artistic Effects of the Reformation
Political and Intellectual Effects
Taking Luther’s idea that humans cannot earn salvation, Calvin went on to say that God chooses a very few people to save. Calvin called these few the “elect.” He believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. This doctrine is called predestination.
The religion based on
Calvin’s teachings is called Calvinism.
In 1536, Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion. This book
expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature.
The Reformation Parliament
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry VIII Wants a Son
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, he
was a devout Catholic.
He wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen. Church law did not allow divorce.
1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn (BUL•ihn), who was in her twen-ties.
Henry claimed some of them, such as works on English
history, for himself, but countless others were stolen
Her efforts met with considerable resistance, and
she had many Protestants executed. When
Edward, became king when he was just
nine years old.
Elizabeth decided to establish a state church that moder-ate Catholics and moderate
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To please Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service such
In 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, asked Calvin to lead their city. When he arrived he ran the city to strict laws. (Everyone attended religion class, No one wore bright clothing, played card games, etc.)
People protested and burned religious art in churches and public places. They thought the art was idolatrous. Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke the rules.
Calvin believed that the ideal government was a Theocracy (a government controlled by religious leaders)
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Some protestants pushed for Elizabeth to make more far-reaching church reforms
While colonies strengthened England economically, they did not enrich the queen directly
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The art world changed also. Protestant artists produced
fewer religious works.
Both catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs
The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment.
As the Catholic Church’s moral and political
authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power.
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church.
Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by
faith alone, as Luther argued.
followers. In 1540, the pope created a
religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus.
The
great turning point in his life came in 1521 when he was injured in a war.
Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians and in In the 1560s, Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion.
Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots frequently led
to violence.
John Knox was a admiring visitor to Geneva and when he returned to Scotland in 1559, Knox put Calvin’s ideas to work.
once scolded a minister for
speaking harshly of another reformer.
She respected Luther’s position
but argued with him about woman’s equal role in marriage.
Viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society, both Catholics and
Protestants persecuted them.
One such group baptized only those old enough to decide to be
Christian.