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Matter and radiation (Stable and unstable nuclei (Neutrinos and…

- - - - The range of electrotatic force has an infinite range, to which the force is negatively proportional
  - - - Consists of fast moving electrons
      - Represented by a β symbol
      - Result of a neutron changing into a proton in a neutron-rich environment, where a beta particle is created and emitted instantly
      - An antineutrino is also produced
        
        No mass
        
        No charge
        
        Ghost particle
      - Results in a product with a higher atomic number
      - Can be stopped by a few millimetres of tin foil, or a few meters of air
    - - Represented by the symbol γ
      - Electromagnetic radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus
      - No mass and no charge
      - Infinite range, and can only be partially stopped by thick sheets of lead
      - Emitted after an alpha or beta emmision
    - - Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus) and are represented with a α symbol
        
        Atomic number of 2
        
        Mass number of 4
      - Results in the product nucleus belonging to a different element
      - Stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimetres of air
- - - - They vibrate at right angles to each other and to the direction in which they are travelling
      - They vibrate in phase with each other
    - - A fast-moving electron is stopped or slows down or changes direction
      - An electron in a shell of an atom moves to a different shell of lower energy
- - - - Positrons are used in PET (positron emitting tomography) scans
      - Antimatter electrons
      - Positron emission takes place when a proton changes into a neutron in a unstable nucleus with too many protons
      - Positively charged
      - Represented as a e+, except when beta radiation, where it is B+
    - - Has exactly the same rest mass as the particle
      - Has exactly opposite charge to the particle if the particle has a charge
      - Annihilates the particle and itself if they meet, converting their total mass into photons
- - - - Mass X velocity
      - Transferred between objects if no other forces act on them
    - - Feynman described these photons as virtual because if we detect them, then we prevent the force working
  - - - B- decay
        
        n -> p + B- + ̅ν
        
        Occurs in a neutron-rich environment
      - B+ decay
        
        p -> n + B+ + v
        
        Occurs in a proton-rich environment
    - - The W- boson decays into a B- particle and an antineutrino
      - The W+ boson decays into a B+ particle and a neutrino
- - - - Electrons that surround the nucleus
      - A positively charged nucleus composed of protons and neutrons
    - - Electrons
        
        Negative charge (-1 relative to proton)
        
        Held in the atom by the electrostatic force of attraction betewen them and the nucleus
        
        Charge of -1.60 x 10 to the -19 coulombs
        
        Weighs 1.67 x 10 to the -31 kg
        
        Mass relative to proton is 0.0005 (1/2000)
      - Nucleons
        
        Neutrons
        
        No charge
        
        Weighs 1.67 x 10 to the -27 kg
        
        Mass relative to proton is 1
        
        Nucleon- proton or neutron in the nucleus
        
        Protons
        
        Relative charge of 1
        
        Charge of 1.60 x 10 to the -19 coulombs
        
        Weighs 1.67 x 10 to the -27
        
        Relative mass of 1
    - - Contains almost all of the atoms mass
      - Is of the order 0.00001 times the diameter of a typical atom
    - - The letter(s) represent the chemical symbol
      - The number at the top is the nucleon number or the mass number
      - The bottom number is the protons number or the atomic number
      - Each type of atom is called a nuclide