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17.3-17.4 Concept Map (17.3 Luther Leads the Reformation (Causes of the…

- - - - Early Calls for Reform- In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform.In addition, many Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church. The atmosphere in Europe was ripe for reform by the early 1500s.
        
        England Becomes Protestant
        
        Henry VIII Wants a Son-Henry feared a civil war would start if he died without a son as his heir. He and his wife had a daughter but women were not allowed to rule the throne. He tried to divorce his wife but failed.
        
        The Reformation Parliament- In 1529, he called Parliament into session and asked into pass a set of laws that ended the pope's power in England. This Parliament is known as the Reformation Parliament. In 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn and the Parliament supported his attempt to end the popes power. He was able to legally divorce his first wife Catherine.
        
        Consequences of Henry's Changes- After Anne couldn't give Henry a son but a daughter she was beheaded in 1536. None of his other marriages, produced children. After Henry's death in 1547. each of his children ruled England in turn.
        
        Elizabeth Restores Protestantism- Elizabeth I was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism. In 1559, the Parliament set up the Church of England. She decided to establish a state church that Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept.
        
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      - Luther Challenges the Church
        
        The 95 Theses- In 1517, Luther decided to take a public stand against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel. He was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. He did this by selling indulgences, which were pardons that released sinners from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Unfortunately, Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven. Luther was troubled by Tetzel's tactics and in response, wrote 95 Theses, attacking the pardon merchants. His actions began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform.
        
        Luther's Teachings-Soon Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences. He wanted full reform of the Church. His teachings rested on three main ideas.
        
        The Response to Luther
        
        The Pope's Threat- As Luther's ideas became more popular, the pope realized that this monk was a serious threat. In one angry reply to Church criticism, Luther actually suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force. In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. Luther didn't take back his statements and his students burned the pope's decree.
        
        The Emperor's Opposition-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed Luther's teaching. He ordered Luther to the the town on Worms for a trial and for him to recant his statements. Luther still refused.Charlie issued an imperial order that declared Luther an outlaw. Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group, called Lutherans.
        
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- - - - While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained true to Catholicism. Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself. This movement is now known as the catholic reformation. Historians once referred to it as the Counter Reformation. Important
        leaders in this movement were reformers, such as of
        Loyola, who founded new religious orders, and two popes, Paul III and Paul IV, who took actions to reform and renew the Church from within.
      - The Legacy of the Reformation
        
        The Reformation had an enduring impact, setting the stage
        for the modern world. It also ended the Christian unity of
        Europe and left it culturally divided. The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also laid the groundwork for
        the Enlightenment. This intellectual movement, which stressed rational thought, would sweep Europe in the late 18th century.It led some to reject all religions and others to call for the overthrow of existing governments.