Unit 2
Chapter 11
Pork Barreling- federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, business, colleges.
Chapter 12
Twenty-second Amendment- presidents only have two terms.
Twenty-fifth Amendment- selecting a vice president when in office.
Impeachment- removing a discredited president before the end of a term, the political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law.
Executive Order- carry force of law and are used to implement statutes, treaties, and provisions of Constitution. Command by the president that carries the force of law.
Usually temporary, more money around in the bureaucracy, congress can pass a law nullifying the executive order.
Cabinet positions- secretary of state, treasury, defense, justice, interior, agriculture, commerce, labor, health and human services, housing and urban development, transportation, energy, education, veterans' affairs, homeland security
Presidencies
Foreign- president- it is important to present a united front to the world and president can make faster decisions, does have authority from people
Domestic- congress- congressmen are more direct representatives of the people and they make laws that affect domestic policy, have knowledge in foreign affairs
Roles of the President
chief legislature, chief diplomat, economic leader, commander in chief, chief executive, party leader, head of state, crisis manager
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Chapter 13
Chapter 14
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Bureaucracy- group of federal employees that enforce and implement the laws of congress, overseen by the president, funded by congress, civil service system (Pendleton act) people get jobs based on merit
Hatch Act- a law stating that bureaucrats can´t participate in partisan politics while on the job
Independent regulatory commission- a group of bureaucrats that make rules for businesses to follow, make rules enforce those rules, and pass judgement on those rules
Government Corporations- businesses that are operated by the government that could be run by a private industry and provides a service to the people.
Independent Executive Agency- agencies that don´t regulate anything and are not a business
regulation- use of government authority to control or change some practice in private sector
privatization- giving certain control to business, no regulation, giving to agency, regulation
congressional comittees- approves of higher budget requests in bureaucracy, legislation affecting farmers and other members of industry to interest groups
Interest groups- support for agency and budget requests and information about industry to bureaucracy and campaign contributions and support information about industry to congressional committees
Bureaucracy- information and help with constitutuents complaints, enforce and implement law, help solve constitutent problems to congressional committees. and rulings on production and prices to interest groups
incumbents- individuals who already hold office. descriptive representation- representing mirror characteristics
substantive representation-speak for interests of groups which aren´t members
Delegate- make decisions by consulting their constituents and ensuring their satisfaction above all else. trustee- make decisions by consulting their conscience and ensuring they make the best decision possible regardless of their constituents. politico- make decisions with their constituents on issues they care about and vote with their conscience on all other issues
Tax Expenditures- Revenue losses attributable to provisions of the federal tax laws which allow special exemption, exclusion, or deduction. Benefit middle and upper-income taxpayers
Medicare-provides hospitality and physicians coverage to elderly
Entitlements- policies range from agricultural subsidies to veteranś aid
Social Security- government program that provides modest income to retirees and disabled
Mandatory Spending- money the government has to spend (entitlements, interest on debt)
Discretionary Spending- money the government can spend (money, education)
Chapter 15
Original jurisdiction- hear a case first, usually in trial. The courts that determine the facts
Appellate jurisdiction- hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts
Criminal Law- government charges individual with violating law
Civil Law- involves dispute with two parties over wide range of matter with contracts property ownership, divorce, child custody, personal and property damage
senatorial courtesy- districts positions, senate doesn´t confirm nominees if opposed by senator of president´s party for courts of appeals position, senate doesn´t confirm nominees opposed by senator of presidentś party
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Supreme Court- hear about 80 cases a year (8,000 a year trying to get through). nine justices, original and appellate jurisdiction, federal appellate courts, state supreme courts
Appellate (circuit) Courts- have to hear all cases approved to them, regulatory commission fines can be applied here as well, appellate jurisdiction, three judge panel examines the case, legal issues involved, ensures law was applied appropriately
District courts- original jurisdiction, trial courts, hear testimoney, examine evidence, jury decides guilt/ innocense, and judge punishes, only hears cases on federal law or constitutional issues, seniortorial courtesy applies here
Judicial Review- power of courts to hold acts of congress and by implication the executive, in violation of constitution.
stare decisis- let the decisions stand, earlier decision should hold case being considered
precedent- way similar cases were handled in past
judicial implementation- refers to now and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, affecting behavior of others
originalism- judicial decision making viewpoint in which only the constitution and its words are used to make decisions.
original intent- interpreting laws using only the words of the original founders
original meaning- interpreting laws/ constitution using words and what the founders meant to do
Conservative theory- to keep things the same or go back to how they were
judicial restraint- a belief that judicial decisions should not make sweeping policy changes, precedent and current policy