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Crime and Deviance (Functionalism (Durkheim (Functions of Crime: (Acts as…

- - - - Boundary Maintenance
        
        When people commit crime they are punished, which reinforces the value consensus to other citizens
        
        Creates social solidarity
      - Acts as a Warning Device
        
        Shows when society needs to adapt
        
        All change starts with deviance (eg the Suffragette Movement)
        
        Criminal activity can show when a social policy has lost its function
      - Acts as Safety Valve
        (Davis)
        
        a certain amount of deviance can help maintain social order
        (eg. prostitution, which Davis claims allows men to release their sexual tension and frustrations without threatening the marriage/nuclear family)
  - - - Everyone can achieve the cultural goal of material success through hard work and determination
    - - Conformists: those who fail to achieve success, but still believe that hard work is the way to do it
      - Rebels: those who don't react well to not having material success, and therefore reject it and create new goals
      - Innovators: accept the goals of society, but realise they can't achieve this through the conventional means. They create a new way to gain wealth; which may lead to criminal activity
      - Ritualists: cope with failure by rejecting the cultural goals, but become obsessive over the means, they work too hard and so can't relate to others and struggle to progress
      - Retreatists: give up on the goals due to lack of self-belief, and reject the means as they are no longer relevant to them
- - - - Exist mainly in inner-city estates (in which criminal culture is dominant)
      - It's easy for frustrated youth to learn criminal skills and have the opportunity to practice the trade
    - - found in inner-city estates, particularly where there is high social turnover
      - Difficult for a criminal culture to develop due to different gangs battling for overall control
    - - Some youths who want to commit crime may not be successful
      - Those who can't achieve either are "double failures" and so turn to illegal drug use to 'cope'