Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Body builder's shrinking testes due to injection of anabolic steroids
Body builder's shrinking testes due to injection of anabolic steroids
Background information
Major Controlling systems of the body
Nervous System
testosterone production
hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Releasing hormone GnRH
this stimulates LH from pituitary into bloodstream
LH binds receptors on Leydig cells on testis
cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone
is converted to testosterone
1 more item...
DOWN-REGULATION AND UP-REGULATION:
cells respond to a hormone if they have receptors for that hormone
down-regulation is caused by persistent high levels of a hormone
cell will begin to make fewer receptors for that hormone
cell may stop making receptors for that hormone e.g. Type II diabetes
up-regulation is caused by persistent low levels of a hormone
cell will make more receptors for that hormone
Endocrine system
Physiology
of Endocrine Hormones
Other hormones produced by other organs
Kidney
EPO hormone
red bone marrow
: stimulates production of red bone marrow
skeleton
Osteocalcin hormone
increases production of insulin and insulin sensitivity
Heart
ANP hormone
Kidney
: inhibits Na Ion reabsorbtion and renin release
Adrenal Cortex:
inhibits secretion of aldesterone; decreases blood pressure
skin
cholecalciferol hormone
intestine:
stimulates active transport of Ca across cell membrane of jejunum
thymus
thymosins hormones, thymopoietins, thymulin
they act as paracrines in the development of the immune system
Digestive Tract
stomach
Ghrelin
Gastrin
increases HCl secretion
Duodenum
cholecystokinin CCK
inhibits stomach secretory activity
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide GIP
stimulates insulin release
secretin
inhibits gastric glans secretion and gastric mobility
Gonads
Testes
Testosterone
develops sperm production
developns male reproductive organs
matures sex drive and secondary sex characterstics
*testosterone production
hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Releasing hormone GnRH
1 more item...
Ovaries
estrogens and progesterone
promotes breast development
matures menstrual cycle
mature reproductive organs
Adipose tissue
Leptin
brain: suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
Adiponectin, Resitin
fat, muscle, liver: resitin antagonizes insulin action; adiponectin enhances it
Major Hormones produced by major endocrine glands
Hypothalamus
ADH
regulates blood solute concentration
Oxytocin
breast
: initiates milk ejection
terus:
stimulates uterine contractions
Pituitary connected to hypothalamus via Infundibulum
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Adrinocorticotrophic Hormone ACTH
helps the body resist stressors
Follicle-stimulating Hormone FSH
regulates function of the gonads
Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone TSH
stimulates metabolism of most tissues in the body
responsible for hypothalamis -pituitary-target-endocrine feedback
Luteinizing Hormone LH
triggers oulation in females
promotes testosterone production in males
Growth Hormone GH
metabolic and growth promoting actions
Prolactin PRL
promotes milk production
develops menstrual cycle
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Anti Diuretic Hormone
regulates blood solute concentration
Oxitocin
breast
: initiates milk ejection
uterus:*
stimulates uterine contractions
Anatomy
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Pituitary connected to hypothalamus via Infundibulum
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Adrinocorticotrophic Hormone ACTH
Follicle-stimulating Hormone FSH
Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone TSG
Luteinizing Hormone LH
Growth Hormone GH
Prolactin PRL
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Anti Diuretic Hormone
Oxitocin
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin CT
Thymus
thymosins
thymulin
thymopoietins
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone PTH
Adrenal Glands
Cortex
Cortisol
Corticosterone
aldosterone
androgens
Medulla
Norepinephrine NE
Epinephrine E
Heart
Atrial netriuretic peptide ANP
Kidney
Erythropoietin EPO
Renin
Digestive Tract
stomach
Ghrelin
Gastrin
Duodenum
cholecystokinin CCK
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide GIP
secretin
Pancreatic Islets
glucagon
Insulin
Gonads
Testes
Testosterone
Ovaries
estrogens
progesterone
Adipose tissue
Resitin
Adiponectin
skeleton
Osteocalcin
skin
cholecalciferol
Adipose
adiponectin
Resitin
Leptin
placenta
progesterone
human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
Estrogens
Hypothalamus
ADH
Oxytocin
Two Major Types of Hormones
Lipid -soluble hormones
consist of all steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
located in Adrenal cortex, gonads, thyroid gland
their receptors are inside the cell and they activate genes and synthesixe new protein e.g. anzymes, other and other hormones
longer half-life
water-soluble hormones
consist of all amino-acid based hormones except thyroid hormones
transported in the blood and are free in plasma
short half-life
their receptors are located on the plasma membrane
1 more item...
Upstream Effects
anabolic steriods
injection of anabolic steroids over period in order to gain muscle mass, look big and feel strong
increase in muscle mass
down-regulation due to:
degrading of receptors
fewer receptors for steroid hormone
lesser effect of hormone action on the body
this leads to:
testicle shrinking
reduction in muscle
reduction in strength
desensitization of receptors
receptor is overloaded
shrunk testes (testicular atrophy)
no sperm production
hypogonadism (decreased function of the testes)
no testosterone production
no sperm production
no sex drive
lower testosterone levels
lower sex drive
what happens if he discontinues steroid use?
hypothalamus does not give signal to pituitary
pituitary does not release TSH and LH
lack of receptors