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Communicable diseases
Treating, curing and preventing disease…
Communicable diseases
Treating, curing and preventing disease
Vaccination
Herd immunity
If the vast majority of people in a population have a vaccination, then even if a small number of people become infected the disease is not likely to spread.
- A vaccine is a small quantity of a dead, inactive or genetically modified version of a pathogen.
- It must have the same antigens as the pathogen.
- White blood cells produce complimentary antibodies, which target and attach to the antigen.
- A second exposure to the same pathogen causes the white blood cells to respond quickly(because the antigen is familiar, so it knows which antibody to produce) in order to produce lots of the relevant antibodies, which prevents infection.
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Modern drug development
New drugs are extensively tested for:
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals.
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The drugs are tested using computer models and skin cells grown using human stem cells in the laboratory. This allows the efficacy and possible side effects to be tested. Many substances fail this first test of a preclinical drug trial because they damage cells or do not seem to work.
Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals in the second part of a preclinical drug trial.