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HARDWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS. (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) (Computer Elements…
HARDWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS. (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿)
Computer language and function.
When we communicate ur memorise a sentence or make calculations, we use a lot of different symbols, sounds and images. Computers only use numbers 0 and 1.
This is known as
Binary Sistem
.
The smallest unit of information that we can store on a computer (0 or 1)
is called a
bit (b)
, which is an abbrevation for binary digit.
Eight bits together form a
byte (B)
.Different multiples of a byte are used to store information.
ASCII
We give a code to each of the letters of the alphabet, and to the characters computer use, so we can store them. These codes consist of using (1) and (0).
ASCII (the American Standart (code for lnformation Interchange) uses 7 bits to store up to 128 different characters.
Computer Functions
We use the name
Hardware
for the physical components of the computer system that we use and those we can touch and move, like the mouse and the keyboard.
Software and programs refer to the data and the instructions we use to manage data.
Computers carry on different functions.
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Computers process and store in the form of text, numbers, photographs, music and so on.
When we use a computer to do calculations, change the form a text or change the color of a picture, we are processing information.
Computer Elements
Microprocessor:
Is an integrated circuit made up of millions of tiny transitors working together to process the instructions and data recived from the memory.
The clock rate
Sets the pace at wich processes are completed. The clock generates continuously electrical impulses.
To day's microprocessor can generate 64 bits at a time
A microprocessors power also depend on its cache memory and it speed that connects with the ram.
RAM(Random acces memory)
When we run applications, its intructions and data are copied to this memory so that the microprocessor can use them.
This is becouse accesing the hard disk is very slow.
Since RAM doesnt retain information when the computer is switched off, we must save our work to the hard disk before we close the application. Otherwise we will lose our work.
Cache memory
Ram cannot work at the same speed as the microporcessor, so a much faster memory is installed between the ram and the microprocessor: The Cache Memory.
The cache memory stores the data that the microprocessor uses most often.
Rom Bios
When you turn off your computer, it automatically checks the system. The initial check is carried out using instructions stored in a special read only memory: The ROM BIOS
The BIOS starts operating the system in the main memory, so that this system can take control over the computer.
Storage devices
The RAM stores data temporarily. When you turn off the computer, this data disapears. We use storage data to save the information.
Motherboard and connecting devices
The motherboard is like a small city. The different components are the buildings, and the bits travel down the streets block to block. The comunications between these components takes place through sets of copper wires called buses.
Slots
That can be used to expand or add new components such as modem, sound card,network card and so on.
IDE(Integral Device Electronics) and SATA(Serial Advantaced Technology Attachment)
They connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive and they drive it to the Motherboard.
The chipset
Is a number of integrated circuits designed to perform related functions, they control the flow f bits and from the motherboard.
They also determine wich type of mycroprocessorm, memory and expansion card we can use.
Connecting External Devices
We can physically connect to the computer in different ways:
Using an expansion slot on the motherboard, to connect a sound card or a graphic card.
By special connector on the motherboard, for such devices such as hard disc, DVD drives and so on.
Using the external ports on the side or back of the computer.
Software and Operating Systems
There are various types of software:
Applications:
Word Processor: Word, writer.
Spreadsheets: Excel, Calc.
Presentations: PowerPoint, Impress.
Database management tools: Acces, base.
Drawing programs: Paint, Paint shop, Pro, Draw.
Programming Languajes:
These programs can be used to create other programs and applications. They can be used to develop new operating systems.
The operating system finds the application on the hard disc, send a copy to the RAM, and loads it in the screen.
The program is now the active application. It recieves data from the keyboard and sends instruction to the microprocessor through the operating system.
When we save the document, the operating system looks for free space on the hard disk and transfers the data from the memory to that space.
To print, click on
imprimir
, and the word processor will send the command to the operating system, wich sends the apropiate signal to the printer.
when we close the word processor, the operating sytem deletes the application from the memory, though not from the hard disc.
The operating systems
The Operating system is the first thing you see when turning on your computer and the last thing you see when turning off.
Different computers can have different types of software, but they all need an operating system.
The operating system provides a working enviorement that makes it easy to acces all the various applications, find information about different elements on the computer and to manage folders and files
Windows operating system
Installing and unistalling programs
Linux uses two packages managers to help users automstically install applications downloaded from internet.
Añadir y quitar in the applicaciones menu. This is the easiest way to add and remove applications.
Synaptic package and management program, to open it select systema administration. This program gives you more control over the installation progress.
Computer Network:
Is a set of computers connected each other so that they can share resources and exchange information.
We can divide the computer networks into three categories:
Local Areas Network (LANs).
Metropolitan ares network made up of severals LANs.
Wide area network, covering a country or continent.
Elements in a Network:
Each computer needs an adaptor or network card to send information to the others computer and receive information back.
The hub distributes all of the information it receives between the other computer in the network.
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Wireless Network:
Known as WLANs, use electromagnetic waves to transmit data. All the computers need to have a Wireless card.
Shared Internet Acces:
Computers in a network can share a single internet connection. Computer networks can connect in two different ways:
Using internet connection sharing, where all communication is through one computer that must be switched all the time.
Using a router wich detects data and directs it to and from the internet.