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blood groups (major (classical "ABO" blood groups (ABO blood…

- - - - most important in
        assuring a safe blood
        transfusion is
        
        is based on the
        presence or absence
        of antigen(Ag &
        antibodies (Ab
        A & B antigens on
        RBC membrane
        
        4 blood groups
        
        A.B,AB & O
      - Antigens
        /agglutinogens
        A B
        
        in tissues other
        than RBC
        
        liver
        salivary glands
        pancreas
        kidney
        
        in body fluids
        
        saliva
        pancreatic juice
        semen
        amniotic fluid
        (of some people
        
        present on RBC
      - antibodies
        A & anti B agglutinations
        
        are immunoglobulins
        mostly IgM type
        present in plasma
        produced by plasma
        known as cold antibodies
      - Landsteiner's law
        
        ausrtrian Karl Landsteiner(1900) discovered
        
        1.human blood posses different
        antigenic & immune properties
        2.that blood clumping was an
        immunological rxn
        
        he states that
        1.if an agglutinogen is
        present on CM of RBC
        (antigen present
        
        then
        the corresponding
        agglutinin must be absent
        (antibody absent
        
        2.if an agglutinogen is
        absent on CM of RBC
        antigen Absent
        
        then
        the corresponding
        agglutinin must be present
        antibody present
        
        exception
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Rh antigens-1st discovered by
        landsteiner & weiner in 1940
        in Rbc of rhesus monkey
        
        6 types
        
        C, D, E
        c, d, e
        
        Rh positive
        Rh D present
        85% occurance
        
        Rh negative
        Rh D absent
        15% occurance
        
        D is the commonest
        & most immunogenic
        
        Rh antigens are
        integral membrane proteins
        found only in RBC
        & not in any other tissue
      - Rh antibodies
        
        IgG type
        crosses placenta
        known as warm antibodies
        produced by- exposure
        to foreign Rh antigen
        (when Rh -ve person is transfused with
        Rh+ve blood)