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Reformation of the Christian Church in Europe 16th and 17th centuries…
Reformation of the Christian Church in Europe 16th and 17th centuries
Causes of the Reformation
Social: The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church.
The printing press helped spread critical ideas of the church
1300s-1400s John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia advocated church reform. Denied that the pope had worldly power.
Political: Powerful monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
Economic: European princes and kings were jealous of the church's wealth
Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church
Religious
Some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
Many people found the church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.
Many priests were poorly educated and couldn't teach, many broke their priestly vows
England Becomes Protestant
in 1553, henry secretly had an affair and the parliament ended up legalizing his divorce with his wife. the people took an oath and recognized that henry was the official head of englands church
Henry declared a annul on his marriage but the pope turned him down. in 1529 he also called a parliament into session that ended the popes power in england
Once henryś death occurred his three sons took turns ruling england. Edward became king at 9 years old and was guided by adult visors.
Calvin Continues the Reformation
taking luthers idea that humans cant be saved Calvin wrote that God chooses people to save and that he has known since the beginning who it was gonna be
Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy or a government run by religous leaders
In 1536 Calvin publishes Institutes of the Christian religion. this book expressed ideas about God, Salvation and Human nature it was a summary of protestant theology or religous beliefs Calvin wrote that men and women are sinful by nature
The Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola
in 1522 he began writing spiritual exercises which laid out a day to day plan of meditation. prayer and study in the book he compared spiritual and physical health
in 1521 after being injured in war he did his daily devotions and clensed his soul
pope paul 3
he did 4 things first he directed the council of cardinales to investigate indulgences selling and other abuses
2 he approved jesuit order
3 seeked out heresy in the church and fourth he did counicil tenats
Other Protestant Reformers
Anabaptists
Baptized only those old enough to decide to be Christian
Come from the Greek word "baptized again"
Taught that the church and state should be separate and they refused to fight in wars
They shared their possessions
Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them
Women's Role in the Reformation
Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived France.
Katherina scolded a minister for speaking harshly of another reformer.
Katherina von bora played a behind- the scenes role as Luther's wife. She managed the family's finances, had 6 children, respected Luther's position and argued with him about woman's equal role in marriage.
Women were not allowed to be leaders of the church
As protestant religions became more firmly established, their organization became more formal
The Legacy of the Reformation
Luther Challenges the Church & Response
Indulgence- a pardon
Reformation- a movement for religious reform.
Protestant- Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches
Luther's Teachings: -People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness, "good works" were needed for salvation.
All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
1517 Martin Luther- took a public stand against a fiar named Johann Tetzel because he was taking advantage of Indulgences.
Wrote 95 Theses (formal statements) attacking "pardon-merchants" and began the Reformation
led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority
Luther attracted many followers and he suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force.
1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Charles declared Luther an outlaw after he stood trial
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony took Luther in
Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group called Lutherans
1524 German peasants demanded to end serfdom but felt betrayed by Luther
1529 German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces and signed a protest