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Solids
CrystallinevsAmorphous (CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
are solids made up of…
Solids
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
are solids whose components do not form a regular, repeating pattern. Instead, an amorphous solid's structure is disordered. As a result of their disordered structure, amorphous solids appear at a microscopic level similar to liquids. The two primary types of amorphous solids are glass and polymers.
Check out the following link for more information: https://www.simply.science/images/content/chemistry/states_of_matter/solids/conceptmap/amorphus_solids.html
GLASS
is the result of rapidly heating and then cooling silica, also called silicon dioxide. The structure of glass is disordered and closely resembles a viscous solution.
Check the following link for more information: http://www.materials.unsw.edu.au/tutorials/online-tutorials/1-atomic-structure
ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS
has very high transformation temperatures and high scratch resistance which make it useful for the manufacturing of products such as touch displays and high temperature thermometers. Substances added to silicate dioxide include alumina, boric oxide, sodium oxide, and magnesia. The alumina in aluminosilicate glass effects the melting point, making it have a higher resistance to temperature than borosilicate glass.
Check the following link for more information:
https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/aluminosilicate-glass/
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SODA-LIME GLASS
is the most common form of glass because it is easy to manufacture into products such as light bulbs, bottles and window panes due to it's low price, chemical stability, and ability to be resoftened multiple times. Soda-lime glass is made by adding sodium oxide(soda), calcium oxide(lime), and small amounts of various compounds to silicone dioxide. The soda lowers the temperature at which the silicone dioxide melts and the lime stabilizes the silicone dioxide. The surface of soda-lime glass is smooth and non-reactive, and it has light transmission properties.
Check out the following link for more information:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/soda-lime-glass
OPTICAL GLASS
is harder than most other glasses and easy to grind to a particular shape. It is often used to make eyeglass and contact lenses. It is the result of adding K₂O, or potassium oxide, to silicon dioxide. Its use in the optical field depends on its refractive index, dispersion, and transmission. The refractive index depends on how the speed of light changes as it passes through the glass. Dispersion describes how wavelength is associated with the glass's refractive index, and transmission describes how waves with different wavelengths along the light spectrum go through the glass. Optical glass has a high melting point.
Check the following link for more information: https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/optical-glass/
POLYMERS
are made of multiple monomers bonded together to form a chain. Polymer, which means "many parts," describes a macromolecule, such as starch, cellulose, proteins, and nucleic acids. The molecules that make up the polymer determines the properties, and thus the uses, of the polymer. Polymers are either synthetic or natural, depending on the monomer that makes it up.
Check out the following links for more information:
https://school-eb-com.norfolkacademy.idm.oclc.org/levels/high/article/chemistry-of-industrial-polymers/108665
https://www.livescience.com/60682-polymers.html
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STARCH
is an important source of food energy that is derived from plants and composed of glucose, which is an aldohexose and has a chemical formula of C₆H₁₂O₆, bonded together with glycosidic bonds. Starch is created during photosynthesis and is used by plants for food and is used commercially in the textile industry, used in baked goods and brewing.
Check out the following link for more info:
https://school-eb-com.norfolkacademy.idm.oclc.org/levels/high/article/starch/69451
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CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
are solids made up of atoms, ions, and molecules that form a repeating pattern. Their structure is organized and regular, which leads to their being almost incompressible. The atoms, ions, or molecules making up crystalline solids are organized into unit cell. These unit cells are repeated in order to form the lattice, which is the ordered arrangement of the components making up the solid. The image below depicts the three main types of crystalline solids: atomic, ionic, and molecular, respectively.
Check the following links for more information: https://sciencing.com/six-types-crystalline-solids-6302115.html
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/16%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/16.05%3A_Carbon_and_Silicon%3A_Network_Atomic_Solids
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ATOMIC SOLIDS
are a type of crystalline solid that have atoms at their lattice points. These solids consist of carbon, boron, silicon, and all metals.
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METALLIC SOLIDS
have metal atoms at the lattice points. Delocalized covalent bonds keep the structure together. Metallic solids are malleable, ductile, and excellent conductors. They also have a high melting point. The components of metallic solids are packed close together in an arrangement that is called closest packing. Some examples of metallic solids are copper, zinc, and gold.
Check the following link for more information: http://www.technologyuk.net/science/matter/metallic-solids.shtml
COVALENT NETWORK
consists of atomic solids that are held together by strong directional covalent bonds. Nonmetal atoms are located at their lattice points. These structures are usually brittle and are insulators. Covalent network solids are sometimes called "giant molecules." There are two main networks that are considered to be covalent network solids: the carbon network and the silicon dioxide network. The image below illustrates
diamond, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, graphite, respectively.
Check the following link for more information: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Covalent_Network_Solids
CARBON NETWORK
is a type of covalent network that exists as a pure element at room temperature in three different forms: diamond, graphite, and fullerene.
DIAMOND
is the hardest naturally occurring solid and is made up of carbon atoms that surround by a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded together, which provides more stability to the solid. Diamonds contain localized electrons. Diamond is a colorless, hard insulator that is used in the jewelry industry as well as in the health and technology industries due to its resistance to heat and higher tolerance to voltages. Because of its compatibility with human cells, scientists use tiny diamonds called nanodiamonds to track the progress of cancer cells after a patient is given chemotherapy treatment.
Check out the following link for more information about the uses of diamonds:
https://www.capetowndiamondmuseum.org/blog/2017/05/fascinating-uses-for-diamonds-beyond-jewellery-making/
GRAPHITE
is a slippery, black conductor.
The structure of graphite is comprised of layers of carbon atoms arranged in six-membered rings covalently bonded together. Each carbon atom is surrounded by three other carbon atoms in the trigonal planar, or 120°, arrangement. Graphite contains delocalized electrons. The uses of graphite range greatly from brake linings to lubricants. It is mostly used in refractory applications which are those that require a material that will not break or melt under extreme heat.
Check out the following link for more information about the uses of graphite.
https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals-database/graphite/
FULLERENES
like graphite, fullerenes are made of carbon atoms covalently bonded together and arranged in six-membered rings in the trigonal planar, or 120°, arrangement. Unlike graphite, however, fullerene's carbon atoms can be shaped in a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, etc. Because of its ability to directly deliver a drug or gene through a cell membrane to the cell nucleus, fullerene can be used in the health industry for treatment of tumors as carriers for gene and drug delivery systems.
Check out this link for more information:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676811/
SILICON DIOXIDE NETWORK
acts as a key component in most of the soils, sands, and rocks in Earth's crust. Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, composes quartz and some types of sand, while related compounds called silicates form most clays, soils, and rocks. Silicon dioxide network solids usually contain chains of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together. The covalent bonds holding the solids together are strong, causing silicon dioxide network solids to have a high melting point. They are insoluble, and they are insulators. The rapid heating and cooling of silicon dioxide network solids results in glass.
In the image below, the blue spheres represent silicon atoms, while the brown spheres represent oxygen.