Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Science 2020 - Cancer (Treatments of cancer (radiation (can stimulate…

- - - - oral: pills
      - intravenous: injected directly into venous circulation
        
        most common because it spreads through veins
        
        recurring IV's can be dangerous - patients have a port placed
        
        ports make sure drugs go directly into veins and not surrounding areas
        
        since it travels through the whole body - also causes the most and harshest side effects since it can not be contained to cancer cells
        
        rashes, ulcers, sores, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea
      - topical: cream or gel applied to top of skin
      - subcutaneous: injected just beneath the skin
      - intramuscular: injected into muscle
    - - alkylating agents
        
        suppress bone marrow treatment, can cause anemia and a weakened immune system.
        
        nausea, vomiting, hair loss
        
        toxic to kidneys and liver
        
        triggers cell death through apoptosis. ineffective on mutated p53 gene
      - antimetabolites
        
        oral sores, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, hair loss, general weakness
        
        mimic nucleotide bases during DNA replication, not allowing it to be copied
        
        blocks folic acid activity
        
        also inhibit transcription
      - topoisomerse
        
        cause fever, fatigue, poor appetite, general malaise
        
        prevents topoisomerse during replication, preventing replication and cell division
      - mitotic inhibitors
        
        hair loss, muscle & joint aches, oral sores, peripheral neuropathy, as well as numbness or tingling in hands / feet
        
        binds to cell machinery needed for mitosis, prevents cell division
      - hormonal agents
        
        typically have systematic effects
        
        mimics natural hormone activity to disrupt cancer cell signaling
- - - - DNA that ordinates from the sperm cell
  - - - over 75% of newly diagnosed cancer patients are 55 or over
    - - The CDC lists 13 cancer types as being related to obesity. pancreas, ovaries, uterus, colon, breast, stomach, liver, and gall bladder.
- - - - most common type
      - usually basal cell or squamous cell
      - typically caused by radiation / UV rays from the sun
      - also transitional cell carcinomas
        
        typically in the kidneys
    - - cancer of the glands from glandular cells in the epithelium
      - adrenal and thyroid glands
      - neuroendocrine tumors
      - this category includes 75% of breast cancer
    - - located in deepest layer of the epidermis - stratum basal
      - most dangerous skin cancer
        
        metastasize easy and resist chemo
      - doctors use ABCDE system to look for changes
        
        color
        
        diameter
        
        borders
        
        evolving
        
        assymetry
  - - - sarcomas that originate in the bones
      - common in leg and shoulder bones
      - least common in jaw bones: mandible and maxilla
      - common in children
        
        osteblasts are most active while children grow
      - high grade - look least like normal bone
    - - originate in fat, nerves, blood vessels, and muscles
      - leiomyosarcomas arise in smooth muscle
        
        organs responsible for involuntary functions: bladder
      - embryonic connective tissue can form into nerves or muscle as well as connective tissue
      - rhabdomyosarcomas arise in striated muscle
        
        such as heart and skeletal muscle
    - - cancers arising from mesenchyme
      - rare with high recurrence rate
      - may cause bone pain, breaks, and under skin lumps
  - - - leukemia
        
        comes from white blood cells. Interferes with lymphocyte production
        
        originates in bone marrow / blood (emia - blood)
        
        white blood cell count increases
        
        typical immune functions impared
        
        symptoms in multiple organ systems
        
        blood stem cell can become lymphoid or myeloid stem cell
        
        can be acute or chronic
        
        based on how fast it grows
        
        cannot be staged usually because of the rapid spreading
      - blastomas
        
        form from immature blast cells in fetus
        
        typically genetic
        
        usually present at birth
        
        can form during childhood
      - myeloma
        
        do not travel through blood - stay in bone marrow
        
        cell counts decrease in myeloma
        
        cause anemia from decreased red blood cells
        
        weaken bones - can lead to breakage
      - lymphomas
        
        swelling of the lymph nodes
        
        lymphatic vessels that connect nodes make it easier for cancer to spread
        
        side effects: weight loss and night sweats
        
        Hodgkin
        
        less common
        
        reed-sternberg cells
        
        malignant nature B-cells
        
        HIV and Epstein Bar Virus can cause
        
        non-hodgkin
        
        matured B or T cells
        
        Umbrella Term. Not derived from reed-sternberg cells
        
        risk factors: Hep C, autoimmune disease, farming pesticides
        
        crowd out healthy white blood cells
    - - lymphocytes - where most white blood cell cancer develops
- - - - HPV Vaccination
    - - Colonoscopy
        
        Invasive procedure
      - biopsy
        
        Tissue sample is taken from the suspicious growth
      - Fecal Occult Blood
        
        Looks for blood in the feces that is not visible to the naked eye.
        
        Noninvasive procedure,
      - Pap Smear
        
        Collect cells from the transformation zone in the cervix.
        
        Cells are smeared onto a slide and examined.
        
        Developed in 1943 by Dr. George Papanicolaou.
        
        It has reduced cervical cancer mortality in the U.S. by over 70 percent.
      - HPV Testing
    - - mammograms