Chapter 6: Development is Psychology
Types of changes
Social - emotional changes & personality
Moral - concerns how one learns to do the right thing in society
Cognitive - thoughts pattern and skills, problem solving
Physical - motor skills, bone structure, weight
Factors Influencing
Maturation - walk at certain age etc
Environment - People, culture & context
Heredity - determined by the chromosome
Stages of development
Childhood
Adolescent - 12 to 18 yo
Infancy - 2 weeks to 2 years
Adulthood
Prenatal/neonatal - newborn's first two weeks
Old age - 65 yo and above
Early - 2 to 7 yo
Middle - 7 to 11 yo
Late - 11 to 12 yo
Middle - 35 to55 yo
Late - 55 to 65 yo
Early - 18 to 35 yo
Theories of Development
Erikson's 8-stage Theory of Psychosocial development
Freud's theory of psychosexual development
Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Ainsworth's Theory Attachment
Conventional Stage - children make moral decision based on what they think what other will think
Postconventional(principled stage) - Judgement are based on ethical principles instead of consequences
Preconventional (premoral stage)-young children has no sense of morality
Latency ( 6-pubery) - a quiet time during which psychosexual dev is on hold
Genital stage (puberty onwards) - sexual & romantic interest directed towards one's peers
Phallic stage (3-6 yo) - gratification is focused on genitals
Anal stage (1-3 yo) - gratification is focused on anal
Oral stage (birth-1 y ) - id gratification on the mouth
Autonomy vs shame and doubt for preschooler ( 1-3 yo)
Initiative vs guilt (3-5 yo)
Trust vs mistrust in infancy ( birth - 1 year )
Industry vs Inferiority ( 3-5 yo)
Indentity vs role confusion in adolescence ( 11-18 yo)
Intimacy vs isolation in early adulthood ( 18 - 40 yo )
Generativity vs stagnation in middle age ( 40 - 65 yo )
Integrity vs despair ( 65 ++ yo)
Schemes
Stages of Piagetian Development
Accomodation
Assimilation
Concrete Operational (7-4 yo)
formal operational
Preoperational - 2 -7 yo
Sensorimotor - age 0-2 yo
Clasification
Seriation - putting items in order and sizes
temporal relations
Conversation
Secure attachment ( 65% ) - Infant actively seek out contact with her mother
Ambivalent attachment - seeks contact but then resist once contact is made
Avoidant attachment - infant avoids mother when reunited