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Chemistry 2: Organic Chemistry (Properties of Hydrocarbons: (Combustion…
Chemistry 2: Organic Chemistry
Crude oil & Alkanes:
Saturated Hydrocarbon:
Contains a single carbon bond - Alkane
Crude oil:
Original Source:
Remains of plankton buried in mud
Alkanes make up Crude oil!
A mixture of different Hydrocarbons
Fossil fuel - Finite resource - found in rocks
General Formula (ALKANE):
C n H 2n+2
Common uses:
Ethane - Natural Gas
Butane - Lighter fuel
Propane - Camping gas
Octane - Petrol
C 14 H 20 - Diesel
Alkenes:
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon:
Alkane - contains a C=C double bond
Chemical test to Distinguish an Alkane & Alkene:
Add Hydrocarbon to Bromine water
If it Decolours = Alkene
If it stays Orange = Alkane
General Formula (ALKENE)
C n H 2n
Functional Group:
C=C
(Group of atoms - Determines how molecules react)
Additional/ Condesation
Polymerisation:
Additional:
Describe Addition polymerisation:
Lots of Monomers - Join
Forming Polymers
-- Eg. Lots of Ethenes join to make PolyEthene
Polymer/ Monomer:
Long chain molecule made up of Monomers
Monomer = Short chain alkene
Condensation:
How a Polyester is formed:
Ethane Diol + Hexanedioic Acid --> Polyester + Water
Ethane Diol:
HO-CH2-CH2-OH
Describe Condensation Polymerisation:
Monomers w/ 2 Functional Groups join
-- A small molecule is lost (Eg- Water)
Compare the Polymerisations:
Addition
-- One Monomer types (C=C bond)
-- 1 Product formed
-- Functional Group --> C=C
Condensation
-- 2 Diff monomers each w/ 2 same Functional Group
Or -- 1 Monomer type with 2 Different Functional Groups
-- 2 Types of Products: Polymer & Small molecule (Water)
-- Functional group --> 2 reactive groups on each Monomer
Alcohols:
Properties of Alcohols:
Flammable - Complete Combustion
Soluble in water - Solutions are Neutral
React w/ Sodium - Produce Salt + Hydrogen
React w/ Oxygen - For, Carboxylic acids
Use of Alcohol:
Solvents
Fuel
Functional Group:
-OH
2 Methods to produce Ethanol:
React Ethene + Steam
Fermentation of sugar solutions (w/ Yeast)
Conditions for Fermentation:
37'
Slightly Acidic
Anaerobic conditions
Amino Acids:
2 diff Functional Groups
-- React by Condensation Poly..
Name of Polymer formed by Amino Acids:
Polypeptide
Whats a long chain of Polypeptides?
A PROTEIN
Properties of Hydrocarbons:
Combustion releases Energy from Hydrocarbons:
Complete Combustion of Methane (Balanced):
Methane + 2(Oxygen) --> Carbon Dioxide + 2(Water)
Longer Carbon chain =
Higher B.P
More Viscous
Less Flamable
Combustion:
Carbon & Hydrogen (In Fuels) are Oxidised
-- Products: Co2 & Water
Viscosity
- Thick and sticky
Flammability
- How easily set alight
Fractional Distillation:
Hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated thru:
Fractional Distillation
Fractions are:
Hydrocarbons (Molecules) With a similar num' of Carbon atoms
Fuels & Useful materials produced:
Petrol - Solvents
Diesel - Lubricants
Kerosene - Polymers
Fractional Distillation works:
Crude oil is heated - Compounds evaporate
The compounds rise up thru fractions (DIff' B.P)
The fractions condense at different temps
(Low B.P at top - High at bottom)
Cracking:
Conditions:
Very high Temp'
A catalyst
Products of Cracking:
ALKANE & ALKENE!
Breaking Large Hydrocarbons - Into Smaller Molecules
Methods:
Catalyst cracking - Vaporise then pass over catalyst
Steam cracking - Vaporise then mix w/ steam
Carboxylic Acids:
They are Weak Acids:
-- Partionally Ionise
-- PH range = 4-6
Sodium Carbonate + Ethanoic Acid =
Sodium Ethanoate (Salt)
-COOH
What is formed when a
Carboxylic acid reacts with Alcohol?
ESTER
Ethanol + Ethanoic Acid =
Ethyl Ethanoate (Ester)
Functional Group of an ESTER:
-COO-
Carbonates + Carboxylic Acids - Produces
Salt, Water & Carbon Dioxide
DNA:
3 Naturally Occurring Polymers important for life:
Proteins
Starch
Cellulose
Structure of DNA:
2 Polymer chains
-- Made from 4 diff Monomers (Called Nucleotides)
Arranged as a Double Helix
Role of DNA:
Encodes Genetic Instructions
-- For the development and Functioning of living organisms & Viruses
Reaction of Alkenes:
Alkenes - Burn in air w/ Smoky flames
-- Incomplete Combustion
Products of Incomplete Combustion:
Carbon Monoxide
Water
Soot (Carbon)
Carbon Dioxide