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A 22-year old male abusing steroids (Background (Endocrine System…
A 22-year old male abusing steroids
Upstream Causes
direct
abuse of steroids
testicular atrophy
testes shrink
loss of leydig cells
disrupts hormone production
lower testosterone levels
loss of germ cells
disrupts hormone production
lower sperm count
causes
age
testicular cancer
excessive alcohol usage
hormonal imbalance
body produces less testosterone
causes
testosterone replacement therapy
taking estrogen
anabolic steroids
certain medications
symptoms
soft testicles
lower sex drive
reduce muscle mass
infertility
reduced facial or pubic hair
treatments
antibiotics for an infection
lifestyle changes
hormone therapy
surgery
reasons
increase lean muscle mass
increase confidence
strength
increase performance
wightlifting
football
shot-put throwing
baseball
improve appearance
fast muscle recovery
Anabolic steroids
synthetic, human made, variations of male sex hormone
testosterone
types
orally
injection
gel
cream
treat
hormonal issues
puberty delay
muscle loss diseases
cancer
AIDs
misuse
common patterns
cycling
stacking
pyramiding
plateauing
indirect
affects of anabolic steroids
negative mental effect
paranoid jealousy
extreme irritability and aggression
delusions
false beliefs or ideas
impaired judment
mania
Down Regulation of testosterone
cell membrane
smaller number of low-affinity receptors
reduce target cell response
when is hormone excess
decrease number of receptors of that hormone
Background
glands
chemical messengers
Hormones
maintenance of electrolytes, water and nutrient balance in blood
regulate cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
growth and development
reproduction
long distance signals
travel in blood
alter a Target Cell
increasing or decreasing rate of cellular process
alters plasma membrane (permeability)
stimulates synthesis of enzymes and proteins
activates or deactivates enzymes
triggers exositosis
stimulates mitosis
interactions with Target Cell
Permissiveness
hormone can not work without another hormone being present
synergism
more than 1 hormone produce the same effect, result is amplifed
Antagonism
one hormone opposes the action of another
Autocrines
short distance chemical signals
effects on the same cell that secrete them
Paracrines
short distance chemical signals
act locally
affects cell types other than those releasing them
exocrine
non hormonal sustances
oil
sweat
saliva
carry substance to membrane surface
endocrine
ductless glands
produce hormones
contract with surrounding capillaries
chemical structure of hormones
Amino Acid based
water soluble
cannot cross plasma membrane
water soluble hormones
2nd messenger system
Cyclic AMP signaling Mechanism
Hormone bind receptor in plasma membrane of target cell
Receptor activates G protein. GDP to GTP
G Protein activates adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
Cyclic AMP activates Protein kinases
PIP2Calcium Signaling Mechanism
free in plasma
short half-life
steroids
synthesized from cholesterol
lipid soluble
can cross the plasma membrane
directly activates genes
steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds with intracellular receptor
Receptorhormone complex enters the nucleus
Receptorhormone complex binds with DNA region
Binding initiates transcription of a gene to mRNA
mRNA directs protein synthesis
long half-life
bound with plasma protein for transportation
Stimuli
Types of stimuli
Humoral Stimulus
exp. Calcium level in capillary blood
caused by altered levels of certain ion or nutrient
Neural Stimulus
caused by neural input
Action potentials to adrenal medulla
secrete epi and norepinephrine
Hormonal Stimulus
caused by another hormone
hormones from hypothalamus
stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones
factors that determine degree of target cell activation
Blood levels of the hormone
number of receptors
up-regulation
forming of additional receptors
down-regulation
decrease number of receptors
strength of the binding between hormone and receptor
Pituitary Gland
infundibulum
connects the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
neural tissue
stores hormones received from the hypothalamus
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions
initiate labor
initiates milk ejection
stimulated
hypothalamic neurons in response to stretching of uterine cervix
suckling of infant at breast
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin
stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water fro the urine back into the blood
stimulated by hypothalamic neuron in response to increase of blood solute concentration, low blood pressure
Actions potentials travel down the axons causing hormone release from axon terminals to posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
glandular tissue
hypothalamic hormones released in to blood vessels control release of anterior pituitary hormones
hormones
Growth hormone (GH)
stimulate somatic growth in liver, muscle, bone and other tissues
stimulated
GHRH, triggered by low blood levels of GH
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
stimulated
By TRH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens in adrenal cortex
stimulated
By CRH
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and sperm production
stimulated
GnRH
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone and testosterone production
stimulated
GnRH
Prolactin (PRL)
promotes lactation
stimulated
by decreased PIH
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Iodide is trapped
Iodide is oxidized to iodine
Iodine is attached to tyrosine
Iodinated tyrosine are linked together to form T3 and T4
Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed
Lysosomal enzymes split T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin and the hormones diffuse from the follicular cell into the bloodstream
Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen
Calcitonin
released by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
response to a rise in blood Ca levels
inhibit bone resorption and release of Ca
Parathyroid Gland
posterior of thyroid gland
contains oxyphil cells and parathyroid cells
secretes Parathyroid hormone
controls calcium level in blood
nerve impulse
muscle contraction
blood clotting
target organs
skeleton
kidneys
intestine
PTH release
stimulates osteoclast
enhances the kidney's reabsorption of Ca from urine
promotes activation of Vit D, to increase absorption of Ca
Adrenal Gland
electrolyte balance and stress response
Adrenal medulla
autonomic nervous system
medullary chromaffin cells
modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons
synthesize catecholamines
epinephrine
norepinephrine
adrenal cortex
synthesize corticosteroids
layers
zona glomerulosa
produce mineralocorticoids
control balance of minerals and water
zona fasciculata
produce glococorticoids
metabolic hormones
zona reticularis
produce adrenal sex hormones
gonadocorticoids
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
production of antioxidants and detoxification molecules
Endocrine System
major control system of the body
long distance
slow acting
influences metabolic activity
using hormones
hormone binds with receptor
controls
reproduction
growth and development
maintenance of electrolyte, water, nutrients in blood
cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
hypothalamus sends signals to pituitary gland
pituitary gland releases gonadotrophic sustances
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
regulate testosterone production
Downstream effects
steroid abuse
long term
effects
weakens heart
can't pump enough blood
increased risk of blood clots
can travel to
brain
heart
lungs
increase risk for prostate cancer
liver damage
cholestasis
digestive fluid made in liver
leaks into blood
causing
itching
nausea
loss of appetite
dark urine
jaundice
kidney problems
protein leakage into the urnine
severe reduction of kidney function
kidneys are overworked
ance
sebaceous gland on skin
secrete more oils
caused by androgen levels
increase of oestrogen levels
breast tissue to grow
production of breast milk
withdrawal symptoms
fatigue
restlessness
loss of appetite
sleep problems
psychological stress
mood swings
increase anxiety and paranoia
sexual problems
decreased sex drive
erectile dysfunction
steroid craving
Down Regulation of testosterone
body will make less testosterone receptores
body will eventually stop producing testosterone
hypogonadism
female apperance
less muscle mass
change in voice
less facial hair
symptoms
decreased sex drive
decrease of energy
depression
long term problems
erectile disfuntion
intertility
development of breast tissue
osteoporosis
reduce target cell response
body becomes resistant to testosterone
treatment
psychological therapies
muscle dysmorphia
obsession with muscle size
endocrine therapies
restore function
suffering from hypogonadism
antidepressants
treat depression
in respond to endocrine therapies
tapering the drug
adrenal glands return to normal patterns