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Is prejudice a predisposition or a learned behavior? (What are the…
Is prejudice a predisposition or a learned behavior?
What are the environmental causes related to prejudice?
Social Identity Theory
In-group identification leads to the need for distinctiveness to raise self-esteem.
A form of social categorisation, may lead to prejudice and discrimination
Tajfel and Turner (1971)
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Conflicting goals and competition over limit d resources can create intergroup hostility
e.g. in politics, power, business
Instrumental Model of Group Conflict
Resource stress and the salience of out-group leads to percieved intergroup competition.
Produces negative affective and cognitive responses, involving zero-sum belief (that the more one grou pobtains, the less it's available for the other group)
May lead to emotional responses such as anxiety or fear
Aggravating Factors
Difficult living conditions in a society
Frustration of basic human needs
Turning to the group for identity and connection
Scapegoating
Adoption or creation of group ideologies
How can we minimize the effects of prejudice?
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Argues that positive relations can only be restored if superordinate goals are in place.
Positive Distinctiveness
Contact Hypothesis: Increasing the Size of the Outgroup
it will cause inevitable personal contacts with the members of the out-group reverse this tendence, and eventually prejudice starts weakening
Instrumental Model of Group Conflict
If strong emotional responses are induced, will attempt to remove the source of competition by:
decreasing competitiveness of the out-group
ncreasing competitiveness of the in-group
avoiding contact with the out-group
What is prejudice?
A favourable or unfavourable predisposition toward any member of the category in question - is an attitude.
Stereotypes
Discrimination/hostility
May be implicit, meaning that the prejudice is unconscious, can be identified through IATs
Biological factors of prejudice
Prejudice as a result of evolution
Brain scan studies
Harris & Fiske
Hart et al (2000) - the fMRI showed more activity in the amygdala when the participants looked at out-group pictures compared to in-group pictures
Phelps et al (2000) - conclude that this study shows that looking at faces from members of Black and White social groups can activate the amygdala differently > unconscious social evaluation