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22 year old man has been injecting himself with a potent, synthetic,…

- - - - that produce and secrete hormones
      - chemical substances
        
        produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs.
        
        hormones
        
        long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.
        
        hormones through second messengers
        
        the cyclic AMP signalling (water soluble)
        
        1.hormone binds to receptor of the target cell
        
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        PIP2 -calcium signaling mechanism
        
        autocrines
        
        short distance chemical signals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them
        
        paracrine
        
        short distance chemical signals .they act locally (within the same tissue) but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals.
        
        types of hormones
        
        amino acids based
        
        most hormones are based on that.
        
        the hormones are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
        
        consist of all amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone
        
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        steroids
        
        synthesised from cholesterol
        
        lipid soluble and can cross the membrane
        
        consist of all steroids hormones and thyroid hormone
        
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        eicosanoids
        
        leukotrienes
        
        singling chemicals that mediate inflammation and some allergic reactions.
        
        prostaglandins.
        
        have multiple targets and effects, ranging from raising blood pressure and increasing the expulsive uterine contra actions of birth to ang
        
        hanging blood clotting, pain,inflammation.
        
        interactions of hormones at target cells
        
        permissiveness
        
        one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present
        
        synergism
        
        occurs when two or more hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified
        
        antagonism
        
        one hormone opposes the action of another.
      - 2 kinds of glands
        
        exocrine glands
        
        non hormonal substances
        
        sweat ,saliva
        
        Have ducts carry substances to the surface.
        
        endocrine glands (ductless glands)
        
        produce hormones and lack ducts
        
        pituitary
        
        thyroid
        
        T3/T4
        
        parathyroid
        
        hormone
        
        PTH
        
        adrenal
        
        pineal glands
        
        hormones that it produces
        
        melatonin
        
        hypothalamus
        
        neuroendocrine organ
        
        neural functions also produces hormones.
        
        infundibulum
        
        connects pituitary gland and hypothalamus and connect both endocrine and nervous system
        
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        hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release gonadotrophic substances (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)
        
        f too much testosterone is produced, the hypothalamus alerts the pituitary gland to make less LH, which tells the testes to decrease testosterone levels.
- - - - ver damage and tumors.
        
        enlarged heart
        
        high blood pressure
  - - - attempt to boost performance or improve their physical appearance. The majority of people who misuse steroids are male weightlifters in their 20s or 30s.
- - - - liver damage and tumors. enlarged heart, high blood pressure, and changes in blood cholesterol, all of which increase the risk of stroke and heart attack, even in young people.
  - - - users can experience withdrawal symptoms that can include mood swings, restlessness, loss of appetite, and craving for steroids.
      - steroid levels in balance using “feedback regulation.”
        
        steroid levels in the blood become elevated
        
        hypothalamus reduces its production of GNRH
        
        pituitary reduces production of LH and FSH
        
        the gonads reduce production of testosterone and estrogen.
  - - - the hormones that will be involved are
        
        FSH
        
        stimulates the production of gametes.
        
        LH
        
        gonadotropins
        
        if these are being messed with they will not be able to regulate the function of the gonads.
        
        promotes production of gonadal hormones.
        
        the interstitial cells will be over producing and then that might send a signal to the brain making it think it needs to slow the production of testostrone