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4.3 monitoring human populations and changing growth rates (Slowing Human…
4.3 monitoring human populations and changing growth rates
population age structures
Age structure of a population:
the number or percentages of males and females in young, middle and old groups
it help us understand if the population of a country is increasing or decreasing
age structure diagram
is made by plotting the numbers or percentages of males and females in the total population in three categories
reproductive
15-44
post reproductive
45 or older
pre reproductive
0-14
a wide base indicates a country which will experiment a rapid population growth
many less developed countries will have this age structure
a rapidly declining population generates several problems to a country
fewer working age adults
labor shortages
less economic growth
friction between younger and older people
Slowing Human Population Growth
population increases through:
births
immigration
main factor regarding population growth is TFR
causes of high birth rates in a country
less education
high infant mortality
less high education for women
less work for women
bad health care
we might be able to slow human population by:
educating and empowering women
encouraging family planning
Reducing poverty through economic development
economics
the demographic transition hypothesis
as countries become more economically developed, per capita income rises and poverty declines
stages
transitional
Industrial
Preindustrial
Postindustrial
reducing poverty through economic development
education and social programs
women tend to have lower amount of children if:
educated
earn their own income
live in free societies
encouraging family planning
225 million women lack access to family planning
about 40% of all pregnancies are unplanned
it reduces rates of infant mortality
has financial benefits
Natalist Policies
is a scheme that a government may adopt in order to control their population
incentives
tax breaks
monetary an material goods
Pro natalist policy encourages higher birth rates
anti natalist policies encourages or forces fewer children
chinas one child policy