Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (Composition…
Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Composition
Organic matrix
collagen fibers
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Inorganic mineral content
calcium and phosphate
collagen fibers
ground substance
carry nutrition
Water
Structure
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal line
Articular cartilage
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Periosteum
compact bone
Medullary cavity
Types of Bone
Cortical bone
tolerate compression and shearing forces
Cancellous bone
spongy or lattice-like appearance
provides structural support to cortical bone
increases a bone’s potential to withstand stress
Does not tolerate compression stress
Growth and Ossification
Hyaline cartilage "model"
Primary Ossification center：
periosteum
bone collar
Secondary Ossification center：
Blood vessels
form medullary cavity
form of sponge bone
compact bone
Periosteum
Epiphyseal line
Articular cartilage
Bone Remodeling
Resorption
Reversal
Bone formation
Factor and Hormone
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand(RANKL)
PTH
1,25(OH)2D
Estrogen
Fracture
Is a break in continuity of a bone, an epiphyseal plate, or a cartilaginous joint surface.
Trauma generating enough energy to fracture a bone also produces force sufficient to traumatize adjacent soft tissue.
Displaced fracture
Nondisplaced fracture
Complete fracture
Incomplete fracture
Open (compound) fracture
Closed (simple) fracture
Wound classification system
Type I wound
Type II wound
Type III wound(IIIA. IIIB. IIIC)
Fracture Healing
Inflammatory phase
Reparative phase
Remodeling phase
Osteomyelitis
introduced by blood from infection
In children younger than 16 years (mean age of 6 years old) and elderly adults
Intravenous (IV) drug users
Patients with indwelling central lines
Clinical manifestations
In children：
High fever
Pain
Muscle spasms
Redness
Swelling
Refuse to move the limb
In adults：
Fever
Malaise
Anorexia
Night sweats
Weight loss
Pain at rest
Osteoporosis
The most common metabolic bone disease.
Osteoblastic and osteoclastic balance is disrupted.
Mineral and protein matrix components are decreased.
The number of trabeculae is decreased.
The width and mass of bone mass are reduced.
Leads to fragile bone and thus fractures.
Definition
bone mineral density (BMD)
T score
Z score
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Treatment of drug
Antiresorptive agents
Anabolic agents
Sarcopenia
associated with ageing and older people
A progressive and generalised skeletal muscle disorder
Is associated with low muscle quantity and quality
Type
Primary and secondary sarcopenia
Altered endocrine function
Insulin
Estrogens
Growth hormone and Insulin-like Growth Hormone 1(IGF-1)
Testosterone
Sarcopenic obesity
Frailty
Malnutrition-associated sarcopenia
Definition of sarcopenia (EWGSOP2)
Low muscle strength
Treatment
Exercise
Resistance training
Nutrition
Low muscle quantity or quality
Low physical performance
examination
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Handgrip strength, Chair stand test (chair rise test)
Short physical performance battery (SPPB)
Timed-up-and-go test (TUG) for Physical performance
Composition
sarcolemma
Z lines
I bands
A band
M line
H zone
fasciculi
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
Contractile apparatus
Myosin
Sliding Filament Theory
ATP production
Role of Calcium
Electromechanical Coupling
Actin
Type of skeletal muscle fibers
Slow twitch fibers(type I, red)
Fast twitch fibers (type II, white)
Types of Muscle Contraction
Twitch Contraction
Latency period
Contraction time
Relaxation time
Concentric Contractions
Eccentric Contractions
Isometric Contraction
Mechanical Principles
Length-Tension Relationship
Load-Velocity Relationship
Force-Time Relationship
Effects of Temperature Change
Effects of Fatigue