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regulation of respiration (chemical control (peripheral chemoreceptors (• …

- - - - • C02 has potent indirect effect
        and permeable to blood-brain barrier.
      - • H+ ion do not cross blood-brain barrier
        less effect on stimulating the chemosensitive neurons.
      - • Hydrogen (H+) ion is primary and direct stimulus.
      - • located bilaterally on the
        ventral surface of medulla.
- - - - present within the
        nucleus ambigus & nucleus retroambigus
      - totally inactive during
        normal quite respirations
      - send powerful signals to
        abdominal muscles
        during heavy exercise
      - **controls voluntary forced exhalation
        & acts to incr the force of inhalation
        regulates rhythem of inhalation & exhalation**
    - - neurons within the NTS
      - The dorsal respiratory group
        controls mostly movements
        of inhalation and their timing
      - generates inspiratory "ramp" signals
        to the inspiratory muscles
        like the diaphram
    - - Coordinates speed of inhalation
        and exhalation
      - Sends inhibitory impulses
        to the inspiratory area
      - Involved in fine tuning of respiration rate.
      - controls 'switch off' point of inspiratory ramp
      - limits the inspiration
      - secoundarily incr the respiratory rate
    - - located in the lower parts of pons
      - stimulate the inspiratory center
        to incr the respiratory activity
      - Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation.
      - Sends stimulatory impulses to the
        inspiratory area –
        activates and prolongs inhalations
      - Overridden by pneumotaxic control
        from the apneustic area to end inhalation