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Exam AZ-900: Microsoft Azure Fundamentals (Security, Privacy, Compliance,…

- - - - Capital Expenditure
        
        the spending of money on physical infrastructure up front, and then deducting that expense from your tax bill over time.
        
        Server
        
        The cost of supporting hardware components. Designing fault tolerance and redundancy : server clustering, redundant power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies. When a server needs replacing, you have to pay the entire cost upfront.
        
        Storage
        
        you can create tiers of storage where more expensive fault‐tolerant storage is used for critical applications and lower expense storage is used for lower priority data.
        
        Network
        
        Networking costs include all on-premises hardware components, including cabling, switches, access points, and routers. This also includes wide area network (WAN) and Internet connections.
        
        Backup and Archive
        
        This is the cost to back up, copy, or archive data. Options might include setting up a backup to or from the cloud. There's an upfront cost for the hardware and additional costs for backup maintenance and consumables.
        
        Disaster Recovery
        
        Your plan should consist of creating a data recovery site. It could also include backup generators. Most of these are upfront costs, especially if you build a data recovery site, but there's an additional ongoing cost for the infrastructure and its maintenance.
        
        Datacentre Infrastructure
        
        These are costs for electricity, floor space, cooling, and building maintenance.
        
        Technical Staff
        
        While not a capital expenditure, the personnel required to work on your infrastructure are specific to on-premises datacentres. You will need the technical expertise and workforce to install, deploy, and manage the systems in the datacentre and at the data recovery site.
      - Operational Expenditure
        
        spending money on services or products now and being billed for them now.
        You can deduct this expense from your tax bill in the same year.
        There's no upfront cost. You pay for a service or product as you use it.
        
        With cloud computing, many of the costs associated with an on-premises datacenter are shifted to the service provider. Instead of thinking about physical hardware and datacenter costs, cloud computing has a different set of costs. For accounting purposes, all these costs are operational expenses:
        
        Subscription Mangement
        
        Using a pay-per-use model requires actively managing your subscriptions to ensure users do not misuse the services, and that provisioned accounts are being utilized and not wasted. As soon as the provider provisions resources, billing starts. It is your responsibility to de-provision the resources when they aren't in use so that you can minimize costs.
        
        Scaling Charges
        
        Cloud computing can bill in various ways, such as the number of users or CPU usage time. However, billing categories can also include allocated RAM, I/O operations per second (IOPS), and storage space. Plan for backup traffic and data recovery traffic to determine the bandwidth needed.
      - Comparison
        
        With capital expenditures, you plan your expenses at the start of a project or budget period. Your costs are fixed, meaning you know exactly how much is being spent. This is appealing when you need to predict the expenses before a project starts due to a limited budget.
        
        With the OpEx model, companies wanting to try a new product or service don't need to invest in equipment. Instead, they pay as much or as little for the infrastructure as required.
        OpEx is particularly appealing if the demand fluctuates or is unknown. Cloud services are often said to be agile. Cloud agility is the ability to rapidly change an IT infrastructure to adapt to the evolving needs of the business. For example, if your service peaks one month, you can scale to demand and pay a larger bill for the month. If the following month the demand drops, you can reduce the used resources and be charged less. This agility lets you manage your costs dynamically, optimizing spending as requirements change.
    - - Scability
        
        you can increase or decrease the resources and services used based on the demand or workload at any given time.
        
        Vertical scaling
        
        process of adding resources to increase the power of an existing server.
        
        Horizontal scaling
        
        process of adding more servers that function together as one unit.
        
        can be done manually or automatically based on specific triggers such as CPU utilization or the number of requests
        
        Economies of scale
        
        Economies of scale is the ability to do things more efficiently or at a lower-cost per unit when operating at a larger scale. This cost advantage is an important benefit in cloud computing.
        
        These savings are apparent to end users in a number of ways, one of which is the ability to acquire hardware at a lower cost. Cloud providers can also make deals with local governments and utilities to get tax savings, lowering the price of power, cooling, and high-speed network connectivity between sites. Cloud providers are then able to pass on these benefits to end users in the form of lower prices than what you could achieve on your own.
      - Cost-effective
        
        Consumption based model
        
        No upfront infrastructure costs
        
        No need to purchase and manage costly infrastructure that you may not use to its fullest
        
        The ability to pay for additional resources only when they are needed
        
        The ability to stop paying for resources that are no longer needed
      - Elasticity
        
        As your workload changes due to a spike or drop in demand, a cloud computing system can compensate by automatically adding or removing resources.
      - Reliability
        
        Cloud computing providers offer data backup, disaster recovery, and data replication services to make sure your data is always safe. In addition, redundancy is often built into cloud services architecture so if one component fails, a backup component takes its place. This is referred to as fault tolerance and it ensures that your customers aren't impacted when a disaster occurs.
      - Global
        
        Cloud providers have fully redundant datacenters located in various regions all over the globe. This gives you a local presence close to your customers to give them the best response time possible no matter where in the world they are.
        
        You can replicate your services into multiple regions for redundancy and locality, or select a specific region to ensure you meet data-residency and compliance laws for your customers.
  - - - Infrastructure as a Service is the most flexible category of cloud services. It aims to give you complete control over the hardware that runs your application (IT infrastructure servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, and operating systems). Instead of buying hardware, with IaaS, you rent it. It's an instant computing infrastructure, provisioned and managed over the internet.
        
        Migrating workloads. Typically, IaaS facilities are managed in a similar way as on-premises infrastructure and provide an easy migration path for moving existing applications to the cloud.
        
        Test and development. Teams can quickly set up and dismantle test and development environments, bringing new applications to market faster. IaaS makes scaling development and testing environments, fast and economical.
        
        Storage, backup, and recovery. Organizations avoid the capital outlay and complexity of storage management, which typically requires skilled staff to manage data and meet legal and compliance requirements. IaaS is useful for managing unpredictable demand and steadily growing storage needs. IaaS can also simplify the planning and management of backup and recovery systems.
    - - PaaS provides an environment for building, testing, and deploying software applications. The goal of PaaS is to help you create an application quickly without managing the underlying infrastructure. For example, when deploying a web application using PaaS, you don't have to install an operating system, web server, or even system updates.
        PaaS is a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud, with resources that enable organizations to deliver everything from simple cloud-based apps to sophisticated cloud-enabled enterprise applications. Resources are purchased from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-you-go basis and accessed over a secure Internet connection.
        
        Development framework. PaaS provides a framework that developers can build upon to develop or customize cloud-based applications. Just like Microsoft Excel macro, PaaS lets developers create applications using built-in software components. Cloud features such as scalability, high-availability, and multi-tenant capability are included, reducing the amount of coding that developers must do.
        
        Analytics or business intelligence. Tools provided as a service with PaaS allow organizations to analyze and mine their data. They can find insights and patterns, and predict outcomes to improve business decisions such as forecasting, product design, and investment returns.
    - - SaaS is software that is centrally hosted and managed for the end customer. It is usually based on an architecture where one version of the application is used for all customers, and licensed through a monthly or annual subscription. Office 365, Skype, and Dynamics CRM Online are perfect examples of SaaS software.
  - - - This is the most common deployment model. In this case, you have no local hardware to manage or keep up-to-date – everything runs on your cloud provider's hardware. In some cases, you can save additional costs by sharing computing resources with other cloud users.
      - Advantages
        
        High scalability/agility – you don't have to buy a new server in order to scale
        
        Pay-as-you-go pricing – you pay only for what you use, no CapEx costs
        
        You're not responsible for maintenance or updates of the hardware
        
        Minimal technical knowledge to set up and use - you can leverage the skills and expertise of the cloud provider to ensure workloads are secure, safe, and highly available
      - Disadvantages
        
        There may be specific security requirements that cannot be met by using public cloud
        
        There may be government policies, industry standards, or legal requirements which public clouds cannot meet
        
        You don't own the hardware or services and cannot manage them as you may want to
        
        Unique business requirements, such as having to maintain a legacy application might be hard to meet
    - - In a private cloud, you create a cloud environment in your own datacenter and provide self-service access to compute resources to users in your organization. This offers a simulation of a public cloud to your users, but you remain completely responsible for the purchase and maintenance of the hardware and software services you provide.
      - Advantages
        
        You can ensure the configuration can support any scenario or legacy application
        
        You have control (and responsibility) over security
        
        Private clouds can meet strict security, compliance, or legal requirements
      - Disadvantages
        
        You have some initial CapEx costs and must purchase the hardware for startup and maintenance
        
        Owning the equipment limits the agility - to scale you must buy, install, and setup new hardware
        
        Private clouds require IT skills and expertise that's hard to come by
    - - A hybrid cloud combines public and private clouds, allowing you to run your applications in the most appropriate location. For example, you could host a website in the public cloud and link it to a highly secure database hosted in your private cloud (or on-premises datacenter).
      - Advantages
        
        You can keep any systems running and accessible that use out-of-date hardware or an out-of-date operating system
        
        You have flexibility with what you run locally versus in the cloud
        
        You can take advantage of economies of scale from public cloud providers for services and resources where it's cheaper, and then supplement with your own equipment when it's not
        
        You can use your own equipment to meet security, compliance, or legacy scenarios where you need to completely control the environment
      - Disadvantages
        
        It can be more expensive than selecting one deployment model since it involves some CapEx cost up front
        
        It can be more complicated to set up and manage