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matter structure (lattice structure (Giant covalent lattic (Physical…

- - - - Bond strength比较沸点等
    - - Covalent bond, bond energy or bond strength
  - - - Metal ion size
      - F=kQ1Q2/r2
      - Charge
  - - - covalent bond (between the molecules, within the lattice)
        
        Factors affecting the strength
        
        Bond length 越长键越弱
        
        ΔE
        
        Bond energy 越大越强
        
        Type
        
        Sigma & Pi
        head to head, overlap sideways
        Pi键越多越活泼
        
        single/double/triple
        
        Definition
        
        Dative/coordinate bonds
        一个原子提供orbital 一个原子提供electron pair
        NH4
        
        Bond polarity（electronegativity difference）
        0.4-1.8 polar bond
        两种元素是一样的是non-polar
      - Intermolecular force (weak bond)
    - - Electrical conductivity 任何状态都不导电
      - Solubility in water
      - Volatility(melting point) 低因为只用破坏intermolecular force
    - - Lewis structure
        
        Electron domain: lone pair effect
        
        Bond angle
        
        VSEPR
        
        Formal charge=valence electron number-nonbonding electron number - 1/2 bonding electron number
        每一个原子的值越低越好，总和加起来越小越好
        
        Symbol x · - 表示电子周围的电子
      - Hybradizatiion
        
        SP 2
        
        SP 1
        
        SP 3提供两个P轨道形成了两个SP杂化轨道
  - - - Ozone
        
        Structure
        写出所有结构用可逆符号连接or虚线的方式画出来
        
        Destruction
        
        Importance
      - Benzene
      - 碳酸根
  - - - Electrical conductivity 固态不导电 molten,溶液可以导电
        （free moving particles）
      - Solubility 大多数可溶于水特例CaCO3.FeOH3
        钾钠铵盐硝酸盐溶解于水不困难
        hydration enthalpy能量很高，打破ionic bond
      - Volatility(melting point) 越弱越低
    - - Features
      - factors affecting the strength
        
        Particle size 越小越强
        
        F=kQ1Q2/R2
        
        Charge 越大越强
  - - - Intermolecular force
- - - - Nucleon
        
        Proton
        
        Neutron
    - - ionization energy
        
        successive I.E.
        
        trend
        
        graph evidence
        
        reason/explanation
        distribution of nuclear charge
        full-configuration
        
        Calculation
        
        definition
        
        Calculation formula
        
        E=hf=hc/λ
        
        First I.E.
        
        Definition
        
        trend
        
        reason
        
        exceptions
        
        example, N, P
        
        reason half-full configuration
        
        graph evidence
        向右上逐渐变大
        同一周期 N - O, P - S half-full configuration
        同一主族 effective nuclear charge
      - emission spectrum
        
        electromagnetic spectrum
        
        Spectrum
        
        Continuous spectrum
        through air and atom
        
        Line spectrum
        
        Hydrogen spectrum
        
        Explanation
        
        UV light spectrum n=1
        
        Visible n=2
        
        IR n=3
      - electronic configuration
        
        orbital
        
        shape
        s sphere p 哑铃形 d 花瓣形
        
        symbol
        
        spdf (sublevel)
        
        Auflbau rule: lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbital
        Bund's rule: one electron goes into each until all of them are half full before pairing up
        Cu-29: 4s1
        
        form
        
        full electronic configuration
        
        Neutrons
        
        Ions
        
        orbital boxes
  - - - MS
        
        Construction
        
        mass spectrum
        
        working theory
        vaporize
        bombardment
        electric field: accelerate
        magnetic field: deflect (mass high and charge low)
      - Calculation