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Logic - the study of principles and methods used to distinguish correct…
Logic
- the study of principles and methods used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning
Proposition/Statement
- what is typically asserted. Either truth or false, although its truth may be unknown
Premise
- the propositions claimed to provide grounds of reasons for the conclusion
Argument
- group of propositions, with one conclusion and many premises
Entymeme
- an argument that is stated incompletely, the unstated part of it being taken for granted
Deductive argument
- the conclusion of which must be true if the argument is valid
Invalid
- if conclusion is not followed from premises
Valid
- if conclusion logically follows from premises
Sound
- argument which is valid and whose premises are true
Inductive argument
- the conclusion of which is claimed with probability
Strong
Weak
Analysis
Diagram of arguments
- a graph of propositions
Paraphrase
- an argument in a clear language and in logical order
Conclusion
- the proposition to which the other propositions in the argument are claimed to give support.
Fallacy
- an error in reasoning
Informal Fallacy
Fallacies of relevance
- the premises are not relevant to the conclusion
The appeal to the populace
The appeal to emotion
The red herring
The straw man
The attack on the person
The appeal to force
Missing the point
Fallacies of defective induction
- premises are relevant, but weak and ineffective.
The argument from ignorance
The appeal to inappropriate authority
False cause
Hastly generalization
Fallacies of presumption
- too much is assumed in the presumption
Accident
Complex question
Begging the question
Fallacies of ambiguity
- equivocal use of words and phrases
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Accent
Composition
Division